Disadvantages of television Essay Example for Free

Disadvantages of television EssayIt is believed that television is one of the successful invention in this era. At first, television is used to transfer information from all over the world in the fastest speed. Nowadays, television has entered another stage, there are many shop mall selling high-definition televisions. Other than first hand information, television provides us entertainment and knowledge. There are sitcoms, documentary, drama, sports, movie, etc. Nonetheless, is it good or not? This time, let us talk about the advantages and disadvantages of watching television. Like some people, I love watching television when I have spare time. In twenty-first century, watching television has been becoming a popular activity other than sports, or playing video games. Nevertheless, did you notice how many hours do you spend on watching television every day? And did you choose a suitable programme for yourself? Surprisingly, the average of an American watch television for 7 hours and 15 transactions per day. And this figured out how many people has already been invaded by television.Read more than Advantages of television essayWatching television is really a fade of time. Those for whom watching television 8 hours a day. They waste 56 hours a week, then they waste about 240 hours a month, and they waste about 2900 hours a year. As if we can make good you use of these 2900 hours, we can learn knowledge from books, can make ourselves more healthy. Also, television programme are not suitable for everyone. Violence and sexual materials affect the growth of children and teens. If their parents do not teach them, their children may result in committing crimes. Moreover, if their parents did not tell their children not to open the loudness too loud or watching television in a longer distance, it may also hurt their ears and eyes easily. Furthermore, students who watch television more than 2 hours everyday, it may affect their academic because they have no longe r concern about their study

The Martin Luther King Jr. Dream Speech Essay Example for Free

The Martin Luther King junior Dream Speech EssayIn no separate place were the overall dreamings of African the Statesns amend stated than in the speech delivered by Martin Luther Jr. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther aptly stated what had been the silent hope of many African Americans who had suffered segregation, slavery and unfair treatment from their Caucasian masters. Martin Luther however, spoke not from a victim standpoint, but from the standpoint of a person who knew that what America was witnessing that day was just a pointer to better affaires to come. His speech was full of hope, yet he agreed that a hundred days after the sign of the emancipation proclamation, the scandalous heap were not yet free, they were still poor in a country that glowed in prosperity and they were not yet received as part of the undischargeder American society. This however, did not deter him from being hopeful. He still believed that there was hope in the promissory note represent by the words of the American constitution as well as the Declaration of Independence that the right to life, liberty and happiness would be available to every iodine careless(predicate) of their skin color.Though he knew that the pitch blackness people had been denied many things, he refused to believe that the situation would be like that forever and a day. He chose dialogue over dissension as recountd by his speech and though many blacks may collect been overjoyed by his advocacy for them, the weight of the words must hold up touched a nerve with the uncontaminating majority. Martin Luther propagated the real meaning of democracy in his speech, which would include eliminating social wrongs and embracing brotherhood (Demetrice, A. Perry, J. Jr).Being a lawful talker, he spoke plainly active what the African Americans would do if they were not granted citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will shake the foundations of this country until justice is done he said. He told the Caucasians that their destiny was tied to the African Americans. In this speech, Martin Luther King Jr. did what many slave revolts had been unable to do convince the white connection that America needed to have equality among all the races present if the country was to develop. The Nat turner ConfessionNat food turner on the other hand, started the slave rebellion in Antebellum South by organizing black men to slaughter white men. In the jail where he was incarcerated after the rebellion, Turner confessed about his life and what had light-emitting diode him to stage the rebellion. In the confession, it was evident that Turner too felt the pinch of slavery and deep within, just like Martin Luther , had the dream that one day, the black people would be free. His approach was different from Martin Luthers as he utilized violence in a bid to air the slaves grievances. Turner believed that he had been divinely elected to set the black friendship free.This was the same reason he had given for returning to his master after running remote. He claimed that he had received divine revelation and that he must serve his earthly master. His time in slavery however, allowed him to prepare for what he termed as his great mission, which was to execute the white people. Respected among his peers for his great insight, Turner was able to convince them slowly to take part in the insurrection. Evidently, the black community was fed up with the ill treatment, but had no channels through which they could vent their frustrations.When Turner suggested the insurrection, they were all too willing to follow him (Gray, T. R, 1831). Overall, Nat Turner and Martin Luther King Jr. were 2 people with common goals of emancipating the black community from slavery. Their approaches were different in that one choose diplomacy, while the other choose a revolution. Reflection of the African American History in the Speeches Both the Turner confession and the Martin Luther King dream speech portray a part of African-American history that revolved much or less slavery and the denial of basic freedoms and rights by the white community.In his speech, Martin Luther portrays his dreams well about what he hoped America would become. As such, we get the picture that for each dream that he instal forth, the opposite was exactly legitimate in real life. Racism was at its worst, with the blacks suffering the blunt of it. This is evident when he says that the whites only signs pull off their children off their dignity. A striking difference amid the blacks is evident when Martin Luther says that whereas the Negroes in Mississippi are denied the right to vote, those in New York believe they have no reason to voteThe two speeches further reveal that not all white people were opposed to the emancipation of the black people and that indeed a significant number of Caucasian Americans regarded and admired the black people. In Martin Luthers speech, he says that the presen ce of white people during his speech delivery was evidence enough that not all white people are to be distrusted. This however suffices the norm during those days that blacks would constantly view the white people suspiciously. Nat Turner also acknowledges that his master realized his great potential and remarked that he would not be of any useful service as a servant.It is also revealed by Turner that slavery was a deeply committing work, such that he could only pray when his slavery duties allowed. He also reveals that it was not uncommon for the slaves to run away from their masters farms and seek refuge in some of the states that had declared freedom for the slaves. The difference betwixt the two speeches is that the Martin Luther speech was read 100 years after the signing of the emancipation proclamation, while the Turner confession was given when blacks were still under slavery in many states.The two therefore have different aspects of African American history with Turners giving some insight in to what life was during the slavery era, while Martin Luthers gives snippets on the slow progress that the white society made before accepting the free black community as part of the larger American society. tally to the Martin Luther speech, despite the signing of the emancipation agreement in 1862, the black people were still crippled by ties of segregation and discrimination. As such, the black could not entrance fee basic services with as much ease as the whites did.Poverty was also widely spread among the black community especially because they worked for little yield and did not own property like their masters. Martin Luther says that the black community was still in an island of poverty, while their country was an ocean of prosperity. In addition, he compares the Negroes to people who dress that they are actually in exile in their own land. Martin Luther also reflected the hopeful nature of the black community who with each new day hoped that someth ing better and more promising would come their way.He said, and in a way captured the belief of many black people, that the vaults of American opportunities had not run dry and that more opportunities would open up for the black people. A part of the heritage that has been associated with the slavery era is the Negro spirituals as stated in the Martin Luther speech. Reflections of the speeches on the Contemporary African American culture Through the daring and courageous acts of Nat Turner, many African Americans were able to know that slavery is a thing that they did not have to put up with.As a result, many of them started clamoring for freedom, calls that eventually led to their emancipation. The white slave owners were also more aware of the brewing insurrection among the slaves and as opposed to earlier times when they could boss the slaves around, they started giving them some level of democratic space. This was done in order to avoid mass revolts. The fact that the whites and blacks learnt to respect each other and even appreciate each others contributions may have an indirect impact on the relation between whites and blacks in contemporary society.Martin Luther on the other hand advocated for human rights, a common characteristic in todays society. Although not a preserve of the black community alone, human right violations are always met by protests that seek to let the ruling class know that the masses are not cheery with the negative social developments. As such, Martin Luther advocated for the proper collection of facts, determination of whether justice exists, negotiating with the parties concerned and if this fails, then direct action would be the next best thing (africanamericans. com).Today, the black community is among the minority groups who shout the loudest whenever their rights are infringed upon. The Speeches also teach the contemporary society that oppressed people cannot remain in that position forever and that eventually their yearnin g for freedom will supersede the forces that try to keep them down. With the African-American, the oppression awakened them to the fact that freedom is real and that it can also be gained through persistence. In a contemporary setting, the speech reflects the fact that discontent if channeled into the right and creative outlets can bear desirable results.Advocacy is such one combination which always provides an alternative to confrontations. The words of Martin Luther resonate well in the contemporary world. For example, one of his famous quotes is Injustice anywhere is a threat to arbiter everywhere. No black leader can vouch for this statement better than the world leaders of all races, colors or creeds who have witnessed injustice sprout and eventually become a wide spread catastrophe that attracts protestors to the streets.The strong belief that Turner and Martin Luther fought for the cause as well as the rights and freedoms of the black community have led to what has been bran ded the African-American communism. Understandably, having faced the same fate of segregation and discrimination based on their skin color, African Americans were abandoned to social groupings that would advance their cause in the social, economic and political circles. Maybe not the kind of brotherhood that Martin Luther had referred to in his dream speech, but still a form of brotherhood that shares the same history.The fact that Martin Luther fought with words, marches and sermons is a clear indication that words are more powerful as a content of getting a truce. One stands a better chance of getting more people to support his or her arguments. At one point in his speech, he urged the black people to refrain from physical confrontation and instead use soul strength to fight against physical force used against them. He also asked them to avoid guilt for things they had done in their struggle towards seeking freedom ConclusionThe fact that American is revered as the worlds larges t democracy is no small fete. Knowing the history of the country, it is right to say that the country has made enormous steps into ensuring that each of its citizens is well protected by the law and that personal liberties are upheld at all times. Issues relating to racism keep on emerging and it would be wishful thinking to imagine that they will easily disappear. The fact is that as long as there are color differences between the different people in America, the racial question will always arise.Today however, an emerging trend has seen to the branding of the black culture as a fashionable thing and no longer is the black community seen as the underdogs. The evolving of the society to embrace a more inclusive culture where people are judged by their merits and not by their skin color is a true realization of Martin Luthers dream that one day America will embrace brotherhood. The Martin Luther King dream though told at the height of uncertainty about the future of the black communi ty has proven true as today, people from all races get to live and work in America without much racism. redden in the mild cases of racism, general respect between the people is still maintained in the full knowledge that there is no difference between individuals except maybe their skin color, which does not count for anything. Today the rights of the black worker are respected just as much as those of his white counterpart. In the likely incident that there is oppression in the work place, both suffer the same fate. The social divide today has more to do with economic groupings and social classes as opposed to racism.Through self-determination and utilizing the opportunities provided to them by government institutions, the black community has successfully managed to bridge the economic gap that existed between the white community and them. The journey for the black community in the US has been most dramatic. It has seen the rise and fall of heroes who will forever remain in the me mories of the community on whose behalf whom they struggled so much. Martin Luther King Jr. will for example, remain as a civil rights hero who was not afraid to stand up and bear what he believed was right. Under the same ideals, he did not shy away from being put in jail as he upheld the same beliefs.BibliographyLuther, M. Jr. Beyond Vietnam 1987 www. africanamericans. com/MLKjrBeyondVietnam retrieved 4th December 2007 Demetrice A. W Perry J, Jr. African American Literature an Anthology Second Edition. Topeka Blvd Topeka Bindery (2001) Gray, T. R. The Confessions of Nat Turner Leader of the late ascent in the Southampton, VA. (1831) www. wfu. edu/zulick/340/natturner. html retrieved 4th December 2008

Diglossia and the variation of the colloquial arabic

Diglossia and the variation of the conversational arabic1.0 IntroductionIn many speech communities where converseers purpose dickens or to a greater extent varieties of the same lecture in una wish situations, a phenomenon called diglossia exists. The purpose of this paper is to discuss diglossia in the Arab community, as this is angiotensin studyverting enzyme of the communities that cede been sort by Ferguson (1959) to be examples of diglossic wrangle situations. It was my airplane pilot intention to focussing detailally on the Libyan context. However, a paucity of in attaination on the Libyan context has meant that the major focus of the assignment is on Arabic in general. However, in the final section of the paper, I do make brief reference to Libya. After define diglossia, the distinctive features of diglossia as determined by Ferguson will be discussed too. I will then, provide a commentary of diglossia in Arabic, followed by the origins of Arabic diglossia. A d escription of classical/ juvenilee ideal and colloquial Arabic will be also provided, together with their usage in divers(prenominal) domains.Finally, I will coif forward some arguments and studies on Arabic diglossia, which have been introduced by linguists, as well as Arabic operateects and how variation of Arabic controlects is sometimes considered to be problematic. 2.0 Diglossia defineThe term diglossia was introduced from French diglossie by Ferguson (1959), who is credited with first using this term in an article he wrote in 1959. According to him, diglossia refers to one particular pleasant of standardization where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with individually having a definite role to play (Ferguson, 1959232). In counterfeiter(a) terminology, when two languages or language varieties exist side by side in a community and each one is employ for different purposes, diglossia exists. Usually, concord to Richards et al ( 1992108), one is a more than standard pattern called the high build or (H- variety) which is used for example in educational institutions (lectures at universities), religious services (prayers, sermons in mosques and churches). The another(prenominal) one is called the low variety or (L- variety), which is used in family context, social interactions and shopping. In addition, Ferguson has identified four languages which he thinks fit into his definition of diglossia. Those languages argon Greek, Arabic, Haitian Creole and Swiss German. In all four beas, there breakms to be a similar functional scattering between two varieties of the same language, which atomic number 18 called in Fergusons terminology high variety (H) and low variety (L).3.0 The characteristic features of Diglossia Ferguson (1959 235) suggests that the different uses of H and L varieties tole stigmatisee be described with reference to the following criteria Specialized FunctionsOne of the most important fe atures of diglossia is the specialization of function for High and Low forms(Ferguson, 1959235). In other words, each form has special domains to be used in. For example, the High form is used in religious sermons, letter paper, parliamentary speech, university lectures, news broadcasts, newspaper editorials and poetry, whereas the Low form is used in family conversation, folk literature, and soap opera. Slight overlapping between the two forms occurs, i.e. sometimes the two forms might be used in one domain by switching from H to L and vice versa.H and L are used for different purposes, and native-born speakers would find it odd if anyone used H in an L domain, or L in an H domain. AcquisitionLow (L) is the pay off tongue of the speaker in the concerned defining languages (Arabic, Greek Haitian Creole and Swiss German), which have been determined by Ferguson. All speakers learn it as a first language at headquarters as they are more comfortable in the L form than the H. The H f orm is normally learnt by formal instruction in schools. normalizationIn all the defining languages, H is highly standardised and may have a yearn tradition of grammatic study associated with it. In other words, grammars, dictionaries are a large literature which is associated with it. The L form may non be standardised. In Arabic, for example, the L form has no standard grammatical rules as it differs from one Arabic region to another region, and e real Arabic community has its own local L form ( operateect). PrestigeH is eternally considered to be more highly valued than the L as a vector sum of the fact that the H variety is used in literature, religious texts, humankind speaking etc. The L variety is less associated with the scripted word and is often considered to be a corrupt version of H. It may be ensnare in popular advertising, folklore poetry or used in drama, e.g. to describe comic characters. For Arab Muslims, for example, H is considered to be the language of the record, and it is widely believed to constitute the words of divinity fudge and even to be outside the limits of space and time (Ferguson, 1959238). Grammar, lexicon and phonologyThe syntactic system of H varieties are generally thought to be more interlocking than the L in terms of grammatical features such(prenominal) as, tense, gender and number. Complex sentence structures are thought not to be a feature of L in the languages determined by Ferguson. The lexicon of the two varieties, on the other hand, is largely shared provided there is a residual on account of the specific domains in which each is used. H and L may share the same phonological system, entirely even at this level of grammar, the H variety is felt to have more complicated phonetic features.4.0 Fishmans extension of diglossiaIn 1967, Fishman revised and expanded Fergusons original definition of diglossia. Fishman believed that diglossia must be distinguished from bilingualism (Fasold, 1984). He suggests t hat bilingualism refers to an individuals business leader to use more than one language variety, whereas diglossia refers to the distribution of more than one language variety to serve different communication tasks in a society.However, Fishman states the view, which he attributes to J. Gumperz that diglossia exists not solitary(prenominal) in multilingual societies which officially recognize several languages but, also, in societies which are multilingual in the sense that they employ separate operateects, registers or functionally differentiated language varieties of whatever kind (Fishman, 196730). Fishman proposes that classic diglossia could be extended to situations where forms of two genetically unrelated languages occupy the H and L domains, such that one of the languages is used for education, law, literary and religion while another is the home language. Moreover, his extension depends on his focus on domain. In a community, for example, where speakers use two languages , they will obviously not use both in all circumstances. They use only one language in certain circumstances, and in others, they use the other one.Fishman cites Paraguay as an example for his claim where there are two languages which are k todayn by near everybody. In Paraguay, Spanish is used as the high formal language, whereas Guarani is used as the low internal language. Fishmans reference to Paraguay illustrates how far apart linguistically two languages may be and still be in a diaglossic relationship.From the above two conceptions of diglossia, we come to a conclusion that both scholars, Ferguson and Fishman agree that the H variety is used for formal purposes and the L variety is used for less formal, more personal uses. However, they disagree when Ferguson distinguishes diglossia from the relationship between standard and colloquial, whereas Fishman mentions the possibility that more than two language varieties can be close for specific functions in a society. In additi on, Fergusons view is limited two language varieties, whereas Fishmans view is more than two language varieties can be uncommunicative for specific functions in a society (Fasold, 1984).Having defined the term diglossia and the way the concept has been extended by Fishman I now turn to a tidings in the Arabic context. 5.0 Digloss ia in ArabicArabic i a mmbr of th mitic languag family, which itlf i part of th widr Afroaiatic phylum including Ancint gyptian, Coptic, Cuhitic, Brbr, and Chadic. Othr principal mmbr of th mitic family ar th at mitic languag of Akkadian and blait (both now long dad), and th Wt mitic languag Aramaic, Ugaritic, th Canaanit languag (including Hbrw), ancint and modrn outh Arabian, and th mitic languag of thiopia (for xampl, Gz, Tigr, Tigrinya, and Amharic) (Htzron 1992 412-132 Fabr 1997 6 cf. Bton 1970 11). 5.1 The prad of Arabic The original homeland of pakr of Arabic is th cntral and Yankee rgion of th Arabian Pninula. Th lowr half of th Arabian Pninula wa inhabitd by pakr of languag known a pigraphic outh Arabian (Htzron 1992 412). Th nd of th ixth cntury C, howvr, aw th ri of th nw rligion of Ilam promotd by th Propht Muhammad within th Arabian Pninula in what i now audi Arabia. Th nw Ilamic tat prad rapidly throughout th Pninula, and within 100 yar had xtndd north into th Lvant, at into Iraq and Khuzitan, and wt into North Africa. Ovr th cnturi, th rligiou frontir of Ilam trtchd into pain, Africa, India, and Indonia, and acro cntral Aia into Turktan and China (Gibb 1978 10). Th ri and xpanion of Ilam wa not only a rligiou and hnc cultural conqut, but alo a linguitic conqut, and within a fw hundrd yar Arabic bcam both th official and th vrnacular languag of all Ilamicizd countri in th Middl at. Indd, du to th prvailing tolranc on th part of th Mulim to Chritian and Jw, arabicization wa mor complt a proc and progrd at a gratr rat than ilamicization (Vrtgh 1997 93). In th cour of th prad of Ilam, Arabic found itlf in contact with a ri of forign languag which it ha tndd to upplant. In gypt during th arly cnturi of Ilamic domination, th Coptic patriarch communicatd with th Arab conqurr through intrprtr. By th tnth cntury C, th Coptic bihop vru of hmunin complaind that mot Copt no longr undrtood ithr Grk or Coptic, only Arabic. In Uppr gypt, Coptic wa limitd to a fw mall pockt in th countryid and to th clrgy in monatri by th fourtnth cntury C (Vrtgh 1997 95). It i gnrally blivd that by th ixtnth cntury C th u of Coptic wa rtrictd to liturgy in th Coptic church (cf. Loprino 1995 7). In North Africa, Arabic bcam th dominant languag of th citi, but Brbr managd to rit th prad of Arabic in th rural intrior. In Morocco and Algria, in particular, Brbr ha rtaind it vitality alongid Arabic to thi day. Likwi in limitd ara in th Frtil Crcnt, dialct of yriac hav pritd and hav influncd nighbouring Arabic dialct. 5.2 Th mrgnc of a tandard languag and digloia Th litrary Arabic languag bgan to attain a tandard form through th dvlopmnt of grammatical norm in th ighth cntury C (Fichr 1997 188). Thi tandard languag can b trmd tandard Arabic, th trm Claical Arabic and modernisticm tandard Arabic bing ud to dcrib it mdival and modm variant, rpctivly. Claical Arabic wa bad primarily on th languag of th wtrn Hij azi trib of Qurayh, with om intrfrnc from pr- Ilamic potic koin and atrn dialct. Th languag wa codifid in th Qur an, th holy book of Ilam. Although th lxi and tylitic of Modm tandard Arabic ar rathr diffrnt from tho of Claical Arabic, th morphology and yntax hav rmaind baically unchangd ovr th cnturi (Fichr 1997 188). Th vrnacular Arabic dialct, by contrat, hav dvlopd markdly during thi priod. Lik a numbr of othr languag, thrfor, Arabic cam to hav on tandard varity and a larg numbr of rgional and ocial dialct. Unlik many uch languag, howvr, no on in th Arab world i brought up paking Standard Arabic as their mother tongue an Arab child mothr tongu will b th rgional or social variety of Arabic of it hom rgion, whil tandard Arabic, if it i matrd at all, i larnt formally at chool or at hom a part of th child ducation. tandard Arabic i confind to formal writtn and pokn occaion, and th rgional/ocial varity of Arabic i ud at all othr tim. tandard Arabic now diffr conidrably from rgional and ocial colloquial variti of Arabic in trm of it phonology, morphology, yntax, and lxicon. According to Lipinki (1997 75), uch digloia in Arabic bgan to mrg at th latt in th ixth cntury C whn oral pot rcitd thir potry in a proto-Claical Arabic bad on archaic dialct which diffrd gratly from thir own (cf. alo Vollr 1906 Whr 1952 Dim 1973, citd in Fichr 1997 188). Dialct of Arabic form a roughly continuou pctrum of variation, with th dialct pokn in th atrn and wtrn xtrm of th Arab-paking world bing mutually unintlligibl. On th bai of crtain linguitic fatur, Arabic dialct can b dividd into two major gographical group th firt compri dialct pokn at of a lin running from alum in th north to roughly th udan- Chad bordr in th outh th cond compri th Maghribi dialct pokn to th wt of thi lin. Th main phonological fatur which ditinguih th wtrn dialct group from th atrn includ th typical rduction of th triangular ytm of hort vowl, a, i, u, which i found in atrn dialct, to a two-vowl ytm (Fichr and Jatrow 1980 33) and a contrat btwn an iambic wordtr ytm in th wtrn group and a trochaic word-tr ytm in th atrn group. Thu, a word uch a katab h wrot will b typically trd a katab in wtrn dialct, but a katab in atrn dialct. In wtrn dialct, th combination of an iambic tr ytm togthr with a tndncy to dlt untrd vowl lad to word-initial cononant clutr which ar not typically atttd in atrn dialct in th Moroccan Arabic dialct of Lmnabha, min fat (lmdlaoui 1995 139) i th cognat ofCairn imin and th word for outid i ralizd a brra in Lmnabha (lmdlaoui 1995 157), but a barra in Cairn. Dialct of a languag which ha pakr a thnically and ocially divr a Arabic, howvr, cannot b dividd in purly gographic trm. Dialct ar alo commonly ditinguihd along a bdouin-urban axi bdouin dialct tnd to b mor conrvativ and homognou, whil urban dialct how mor volutiv tndnci and uually xhibit fairly clar intra-dialctal variation bad on ag, gndr, ocial cla, and rligion. Typical Bdouin fatur includ th voicd rflx of Claical Arabic qd, prrvation of th Claical Arabic intrdntal, and a gndr ditinction in th cond and third pron plural of th vrb, pronoun, and pronoun uffix (Vrtgh 1997 144). Ditinction btwn bdouin and urban dialct appar to b l markd in th at, howvr, particularly in th Pninula, than thy ar in North Africa (Fichr and Jatrow 1980 24). Diglossia is a term which is usually applied to the sociolinguistic situation in practically of the Arabic speaking world. In those countries, there are two forms of the same language (Arabic), the high and low variety. The high form is called fusha classical or modern standard Arabic which is normally used in formal situations, such as writing, political speeches and university lectures. The low form which is referred to dialects of Arab communities is used in informal situations, such as conversations, shopping and social rituals.The Arabic language represents a continuum. At one end of this continuum is the modern standard Arabic, and at the other lies the low form which represents the various dialects of the Arab communities. These two ends, in fact are only ideal types, i.e. pure standard or pure colloquial, in fact do not exist. In other words, even in the most pure standard text, we may find some colloquial terms and vice versa (Hary, 199672). A persons roll on this continuum would be somewhere between the two forms. In other words, where a given persons speech sits on this continuum depends on a pass around of factors including speaker, conversation topic and setting. For example, how well the two speakers know each other and the formality of the speech as when giving university lectures and sermons.Furthermore, in Arabic communities, classical Ar abic fusha is deemed as the language of the Koran and is still the current written form of the language. At the beginning of the Islamic period, only two sources of literary Arabic were available the Koran and the pre-Islamic poems al-shear al-jaheli. The Koran described itself arabiyyan Arabic when it was revealed. This seems clear from the following verse of the Koran Q 43/2-3 which says ( wa-l-kitabi l-mubini inna ga alnahu quraanan arabiyyan la allakum ta qiluna) By the clear book we have made it an Arabic recitation in order that you may understand. According to Versteegh ( 200153), the Koran and the pre-Islamic poems play a crucial role in the standardization and growth of the Arabic language.conversational Arabic ammyya or darja as it is called in North Africa, on the other hand, exists as the vernacular varieties of the major Arabic speaking communities. It is very often used, especially in daily spoken form. In some of the Arab contexts, for example, if somebody uses stand ard Arabic in the street, he might be laughed at since using MSA in such domains seems odd. Cown (1968) believes that Arabs are native speakers of NSA non-standard Arabic and not MSA modern standard Arabic (Mahmoud, 2000129). In other words, modern standard Arabic has no native speakers.Moreover, colloquial Arabic is subject to regional variation, not only between different countries, but also within regions in the same country as we shall see in the Libyan context in the same country. 5.2 Origins of Arabic DiglossiaA number of theories have been introduced by researchers and scholars to interpret the origins of the Arabic diglossia. These theories might be classified into the following three groups theories which assume the existence of a lingua franca, those which recommend an explanation of language drift and those which use the hypothesis of Creolization/Pidginization.5.2.1 KoineThe Koine hypothesis is the common theory in terms of the origins of the Arabic diglossia. Koine is a term derived from Greek denoting a lingua franca that develops out of a mixture of languages or dialects (Bishop, 19984). In an article entitled The Arabic Koinz, Ferguson assumed that thecommon source of all the Arabic dialects existing outside the Arabian Peninsula was as a result of a variety spoken in the military camps during the middle of the seventh century at the time of the Islamic expansion, and this variety was different from the language of the Koran. In other words, these dialects are not corrupt form, however, they have had a separate existence from the classical language since they have existed outside the Arabic peninsula (Freeman, 1996 1-2). Ferguson assumes that the majority of the Arabic modern dialects are derived from a koine which existed side by side with the standard/classical Arabic and was not based on any particular regional area. He built his argument on fourteen features, which he thought differ from standard and colloquial Arabic. According to Ferguso n, then, diglossia started as a result of the Koine and considered to be the basis of Modern colloquial Arabic (Bishop,19984).5.2.2 Language drift This theory attributes the difference between modern standard Arabic and colloquial Arabic to language drift, natural Semitic change tendencies (as Arabic is one of the Semitic languages) and basic effects among others. Those who recommend these theories feel that the Koine hypothesis is unnecessary and unjustified by the evidence available. However, both sides, those who advocate these theories and the Koine theory agree that language changes likely occur in towns rather than in the dialects of the Bedouin tribes who live in the Arabian deserts because the Bedouin dialects remained unchanged for several centuries after the arrival of Islam. Secondly, they agree that there was no language center in the Arab world which caused the changes seen as a result of its influence. Finally, both sides agree that the Islamic conquests were behind pr ecipitating the rise of the colloquial Arabic dialects. Blau (1988, cited in Bishop, 19985), on the other hand, claims that Fergusons argument in terms of the Koine is unconvincing. He argues that the reverse of his argument was correct, i.e. the Koine itself was resulted from the changes of the Arabic dialects, and not as Ferguson said that the Koine was the origin of the modern Arabic dialects (Kaye, 19985).5.2.3 Pidginization/CreolizationBefore discussing this theory, I would like to give a brief definition of Pidginization and Creolization. According to Richards et al (1992277), Pidgin means a language which develops as a contact language when groups of people who speak different languages try to communicate with one another on a regular basis. In other words, when speakers of one language, for example, engage in trade with speakers of another, and incomplete knows the others language, the language used between them is called Pidgin. Creole on the other hand, arises when a pidg in language becomes the native language of a new generation of children as a result of this contact.Versteegh (1984, cited in Bishop, 19985) argues that the two theories mentioned above regarding the development of Arabic diglossia are either a focus on an explanation of the similarities or the differences of the dialects without treating the other side. In his estimation, Versteegh argues that an affective theory should deal with both sides of the Arabic dialects. By this hypothesis, Versteegh dealt with both the similarities and the differences between the modern dialects of Arabic. To prove his hypothesis, he gave an example of mixed marriages between Muslim Arab men and non-Arab women of the conquered peoples during the Islamic conquest. This marriage, he said would likely have led to communication using a pidginized form of Arabic and the children who would be delivered as a result of this marriage would have probably spoken a creolised Arabic. 6.0 Classical/modern standard Ara bic and colloquial ArabicBefore starting to explain different uses of modern standard and colloquial Arabic, I would like to illustrate the difference between classical and modern standard Arabic.Classical Arabic is considered to be the formal version that was used in the Al-Hijaz region (currently Saudi Arabia) 1500 years ago. The Koran was revealed in classical Arabic, which is the main reason why the Arabic language has preserved its purity throughout centuries and is considered an important part of the Arabic culture.Modern standard Arabic (MSA), on the other hand, is an equivalent to the classical Arabic and at once it is used as the official language of the Arab states. Ferguson defined MSA as the Arabs ATTEMPT to speak classical Arabic (Kaye, 197246 emphasis in the original). The main difference between modern standard Arabic and classical Arabic lies in the vocabulary, i.e. MSA reflects the needs of contemporary expression, whereas Classical Arabic reflects the needs of ol der styles. A lot of lexical terms of classical standard Arabic, for instance, have become obsolete these days, and they are substituted by new modern words. For example, in classical standard Arabic kittab was used for the word letter,but in modern Arabic, ressala is used instead and rassol messenger instead of mabooth. However, Modern Standard Arabic is grammatically simpler than classical and includes numerous words unknown to the Quran, such as hasib aali computer and shabaket almalomaat internet.The two varieties, standard and colloquial Arabic divide among themselves the domains of speaking and writing, formal and informal and sometimes both varieties are used side by side in only one domain. The following discussion will attempt to show where these two varieties can be found in the Arabic community.On Arabic television and radio, the news is always presented in modern standard Arabic. This might be because it is watched and listened to by different native speakers of differen t Arab regions. On some programmes, for instance, the speakers usually start from a written text in standard Arabic, but in occupying it they sometimes let themselves be influenced by the target group. In other words, programmes which are presented for special categories of community, for instance housewives, farmers and fishermen, the structure of the standard Arabic text remains unchanged, but at regular pauses colloquial markers and words are inserted. Particles and words such as bita of illi that is are introduced to give a signal to the audience the intention of the speaker, which is according to Versteegs (2001195) to create an atmosphere of intimacy and warmth. In other words, speakers tend to use some colloquial particles or words to simplify the discussion and to be more close to the group concerned. Some of the Arab leaders, for example, use colloquial Arabic when they speak to their peoples, to communicate better with them, as they all understand their colloquial Arabic, whereas they use standard Arabic when they make speeches in other Arab countries since the colloquial Arabic in those countries are different from theirs.All books and newspapers in Arabic states are written in standard Arabic, apart from those little cases where colloquial Arabic is rather used, for instance cartoons in newspapers or dialogues of illiterate characters in some novels are sometimes written in colloquial language. Although most literary works are written in standard, they regulary contain colloquialisms. This is also true in movie scripts such as dialogues and theatre plays, even when they are written in standard, they are often staged in dialect. This is perhaps because written works are only read and seen by literate people, who have studied standard Arabic at school (Versteegs, 2001).Plays, songs, folk poetry and popular proverbs are usually performed and written in colloquial Arabic. Some expressions in Arabic, however, although classical, are used both in classi cal and colloquial domains. For exampletusbihuuna alaa khayr (I hope you wake up in the break of day only used at night and everything is fine).baaraka allaahu fiika (may Allah God bless you) used formally and informally instead of thank you or thank you so much.The titles tabib and tabiibah refer to medical doctors, but native Arabic speakers rarely use these standard forms in their colloquial speech. Instead, they prefer to use the terms alduktor (referring to an M.D or a PhD) or alhakim, which is equivalent to alduktor (referring only to an M.D.) because they skilful more prestigious, especially the former form. Lessons and lectures in schools and universities, on the other hand, are mostly introduced in standard Arabic within Arab states. In other words, introducing lessons and lectures in standard Arabic seems to be compulsory in most of the Arab countries. Tutorial discussions, on the other hand, are introduced in both colloquial and standard Arabic.Colloquial Arabic is the language of family and home and is widely used in Arabic communities because it is the mother tongue of all Arab native speakers. When the child starts learning language from his/her parents, almost all lexical and phonological terms are colloquial Arabic. 7.0 Recent studies on diglossia in Arabic contextsWhen Ferguson introduced his paper on diglossia in 1959, he conclude with an appeal for further study of diglossic phenomenon and related ones (Ferguson, 1959249). Consequently, linguists and scholars have made various efforts and studies on this phenomenon. In the following, I will examine some of those arguments and how they contrast with Fergusons original study.7.1 Badawis study of DiglossiaIn an attempt to show how the linguistic system of modern standard Arabic works, the Egyptian linguist, Badawi (1973) has presented his study on the sociolinguistic situation in Egypt (applies on most of the Arabic contexts), in which he rejects Fergusons description of diglossia which says that H and L varieties are in complementary distribution in the Arab world and other communities (Versteegh, 2001).In contrast with Fergusons model and in attempt to subdivide the continuum between the two extremes of standard Arabic and colloquial, Badawi has determined the following five levels model as follows1. fusha at-turrat classical Arabiconly used in Quranic recitation2. fusha al-asr Modern standard Arabicthe standard form of the language used in writing and sometimes on formal occasions in speaking3. ammiyyat al-mutaqqafin colloquial of the intellectualsthe formal spoken language of educated people4. ammiyyat al-mutanawwirin colloquial of the literatethe informal spoken language of educated people5. ammiyyat al-ummiyyin colloquial of the illiteratethe language in which the illiterate talk (Versteegh, 2001191)It is noticed from the above that every level represents a different class of people in different domains. For example, the consonant //as in thalatha three is consid ered classical Arabic, /t/ as in talata three is considered colloquial, whereas /s/ as in salasa (this level is not used in all Arabic contexts) is used between the two extremes (Hary, 19967).To show how the linguistic system of modern Arabic works, Badawi offered a diagram (in the appendix) in which it seems clear that every level is a mixture of all the other levels, i.e. every level contains fush a classical, ammiyya or darja colloquial and dakhiil foreign elements. In other words, even the speech of the illiterate contains elements of the high variety (fusha) or modern standard Arabic ( fusha al- asr), and standard Arabic, on the other hand, contains lexis, phonology and morphology of the colloquial of the illiterate (Freeman, 19964).In his study, Badawi proved that there is a continuum between standard and colloquial Arabic, and claimed that there is no wave-particle duality in the Arab world, but continued levels of language. Then, he looked at the colloquial Arabic not as cor rupt or different and independent from the standard Arabic, but as one of these levels suggested in his new model of Arabic language.However, although I agree with Badawis new model of the Arabic language, I think a show has not been taken into his account while studying this phenomenon, i.e. the colloquial level of illiterate (those who do not know standard Arabic at all) has tardily been developed as a result of the development of radio and t

Different approaches to corporate governance

Different approaches to collective governanceCorporate governance is almost frequently viewed as both the construction as well as the rapports which ascertain collective direction as well as functioning. The board of directors are mostly unfathomed to incorporated governance. Its rapport to the former basic players, generally stockholders as well as management, are vital. Other participants admit black marketforce, consumers, providers, as well as creditors. The corporate governance model besides depends upon the legitimate, regulative, institutional as well as honourable surroundings of the profession. (Dignam, A, 2006)CORPORATE GOVERNANCEThe full term Corporate brass instrument isnt easily to specify. The condition governance concerns for a procedure of decision making as well as applying the determinations in the concern of every stakeholders. It essentially associates to growth of corporate functioning as well as ascertains right accountability to direction in the concern of every stakeholder. The Cadbury describe of 1991 on Corporate Governance conceives it as the outline by which corporates are guided on as well as organized. Corporate governance is the strategy with which organizations are addressed as well as handled. It determines how the aims of the organization are fit as well as accomplished, however danger are supervised as well as evaluated, and how functioning are optimized.(Cadbury, 1991)DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CORPORATE GOVERNANCEJAPANAbiding by the 1945 frustration, Japanese zaibatu or organization groupings were broken down, firm has intimately inflexible by governance. The requirement for japan to regain subsequently the warfare headed to end governance management of firm, by a centre on development in exportations as well as marketplace apportion besides profitableness. Organization boards dont commonly assemble often as well as the organization is generally handled by the chairman as well as his functioning commission, wherever actual authority is practiced along with determinations taken which is simply hand stamps by a control board.FRANCEA lot of great businesses in French Republic have till lately been operated by governance. A few idiosyncratic organizations for instance Renault, Michelin who have an eminent external visibility, but almost of these have trusted on a hard basis of French marketplace have a bun in the oven in decree to go international. Almost French organizations are comprised as well as are handled by general manager who are responsible for(p) for stockholders. Greater as well as cited organizations are integrated.GERMANYGerman corporate governing is rooted in the OECD rules of May 1999, which constituted written for cited organizations in Jan 2000 by means of the German board on corporate governance.(Adrian Davies, Chapter 2)DIFFERENT TYPES AND COMPARISONS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCEBoard of DirectorsA board of directors are a corporate governing mechanics which protects the concer ns of a organizations stockholders. The board is much responsible in brushing up organization direction as well as taking out persons who do non amend the organizations general fiscal operation.AuditsAudits are an autonomous critique of an organizations patronage as well as fiscal functioning. This collective governance ascertains which enterprises or companies adopt domestic accounting principle, rules or different extrinsic guidelines. Audits could besides amend a participations abiding in the organization surroundings. Additional organizations perhaps much amenable to act upon by an organization that is a firm record of functioning.Balance of PowerReconciliation authority in a company ascertains that no individualist has a power to overstrain resourcefulness. Dividing obligations among board members, directors, managers and other persons ascertains that all separate obligations have well reasonably to the company. Making distinct characters besides conserve the business adapt able, ascertaining that functional alterations or novel employs could be built without disrupting face up functioning. (Adrian Davies) leadershipLeadership is a procedure for bringing matters executed by folks. The signal caller acts the squad toward a touchdown. The elderly patrol leader directs the group for an eminent evaluation at a camporee. These leaders are bringing work acted through acting by folks. Theyve employed the procedure for leaders to accomplish definite destinations. Leadership isnt a scientific discipline. Therefore representing a leader is a hap as one could never make certain whether one would accomplish the objective at the least in present time.(Scoutmasters, BSA, 1937)ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT LEADERSHIPCommonly on superior betterment efforts top-ranking leadership establishes transformational conducts that were accompanying winner for those enterprises. Public constitution could be demographic variance among the company or capacities for persons as well a s groupings. In leadership literature a few accent inclines to sexuality, as well as employees heterogeneity along with its effect on leaders or execution. No stress inclines to the transformational leaders.Operations admit the manner of governing, Human Resource Management strategies and so forth however procedures themselves are not generally the basic centre for the empiric explore. Almost of the reports in the leadership literature discoursed the consequences of province or stipulate as the contextual inconsistent entirely at the greatest stages of companies as well as hold centred on mass alterations along with crises affecting top management squads, chief executive police officer along with Boards of Directors. (Lyman W. Porter, Grace B. McLaughlin 2006)LEADERSHIP APPROACHESTraits approachLeadership trait hypothesis is the thought that individuals are birthed by convince quality traits or calibres. As convinced traits are assorted by skilled leaders, it adopts that if one ca n discover individual by the right traits, one would be capable to discover leadership as well as individual by leadership prospective.Group approachIn counterpoint to human leadership, a few companies have taken in troop leadership. In that position, much one-man caters management to a squad in general. A few companies have admitted the approach in desires of maturation creativeness, cutting prices, or retrenchment.Behavioural approachBehavioural leadership isnt actually a character of leadership. Alternatively, its analyse for the forms of activities as well as behaviours which comprise what the company could address the leadership mode.LEADERSHIP STYLESo Authoritarian or autocraticThe mode is utilized whilst leaders narrate their workforce what they require to do as well as how they need them achieved, without bringing the advice for their followers.o Participative or democraticThe mode implies the leader admitting one or several workforce in the deciding procedureo Delegate or Free ReignTherein mode, the leader admits the workforce to build the determinations.(Hofstede, Geert, 1977)Situational approachAdditional approach to leadership analyses is the situational approach, the aboriginal preface of that is dissimilar positions require dissimilar cases of leadership. A position, among the circumstance, is an determined of measures as well as positions among which the people or troop has to consider in a procedure of activeness as well as with reference to which the action is designed as well as its consequences apprized.Transformational approachTransformational leadership is specified as the leadership approach which efforts alter in people as well as social structure. In its perfect anatomy, it produces worthful as well as favourable alteration in the followers by the last objective for growing followers into leaders.Inspirational approachThe power to urge individuals to accomplish oversize altitudes of execution as well as winner is an attainment that l eadership require. Passion, intention, hearing as well as significance assist attain a leader inspirational. (Kendra Cherry)CHANGE MANAGEMENTChange management is an integrated approach path for changing or transitioning people, squads, as well as companies as of a present province to a desirable prospective province. Its an organisational procedure aspired at authorizing workforce to consent as well as adopt alterations in their present organization surroundings. (Hiatt, Jeff, 2010)FACTORS TRIGGERING CHANGE IN AN ORGANIZATIONAll business carries out points of shift which could drive strain along with uncertainness. To be productive, companies have to adopt a lot of characters of alteration.The extrinsic surroundings are squeeze by governmental, societal, and technical, along with economical stimulations exterior of the company which drive alterations.The interior surroundings are impacted by the companys management strategies as well as modes, systems of rules, as well as processes , and workforce postures.(Cliffnotes)APPROACHES TO CHANGE MANAGEMENTKurt Lewins approachThe framework is constituted in a common schemes possibility, a lot of specifically, its referred by the drives that hold down equal schemes or those which breach it down.Socio technical approachIt distinguished quasi- independent work on troop as the initiation of some company as well as besides it has greater suitable to the requirements of organization it was little careful to the basic requires of the workforce such as job gratification.Lean production approachIts supported the precepts for correct faults zero stocks as well as zero languish, by the consolidation of every system of rules.Total Quality Management approachIts accompanying lean output. Alike lean output, TQM employs to the all functional strategy by full incorporated work squads as well as centres on calibre as well as consumer demands.(Stroh, U M, 2005)BRITISH AIRWAYSIn the year 1981, British Airways brought out panel afresh chairman. Whilst the chairman commenced, he observed that the organization was really ineffective as well as was destruction a lot worthful resources. To build the company more advantageous, this chairman determined to reconstitute the whole business. He accomplished that the greatest method to do was by change methodological analysis management program. Consistently, the company set out contracting their employees. However, earlier they acted this, by his change direction leadership, the chairperson given over the organization the causes for the reconstituting as well as privatisation of the organization in decree to develop them for the forthcoming alteration. Therefore, by leadership as well as communicating, he guided his organization by a hard time which can had unfortunate without competent change management opposition communicating. (Mistyfaucheux, 2009)CONCLUSIONEffective corporate governance structures promote organizations to produce esteem along with put up accountabilit y as well as ascendence systems of rules in proportion to on the dangers involved with. Effective corporate governance structures promote organizations to produce esteem along with put up accountability as well as command systems of rules in proportion to on the dangers involved with. (James McRitche, 1995)

The Importance Of Team Work Management Essay

The Importance Of squad Work Management EssayThe essay begins with an attempt to define the nature of squads and assemblys and considers the differences between the two. This is followed by a discussion of why ag themework is important to contemporary governing bodys. After which, the conditions necessary for effective team workings is discussed drawing on Tuckman (1965) model of group tuition. then a discussion of group processes that lead to ineffective teamwork argon considered. Finally, the impact of technology is considered on the effect of teams and the rise of realistic teams before a inference is made.Defining Groups and TeamsA definition of a team may assume that the team has, or is working towards a common goal (Pynadeth and Tambe, 2002). A team can be defined as groups of people embedded in organisations, performing tasks that contribute to achieving the organisations goals. They share overall work objectives. They have the necessary authority, familiarity and resources to achieve these objectives (West, 2004, p.18). The difference between a group and a team is that members of a team share a common goal they are prosecute collaboratively. Moreover, they can only succeed or fail as a whole, and the members of that team share the benefits and costs of success or failure. In contrast, the members of a (psychological) group may share a number of common features.but each has his or her own individual goals (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007, p.379).Importance of TeamworkIn a contemporary organisations, what were once competitors are now collaborators, what were once outsiders are now stakeholders, what were once stark boundaries are now fuzzy fences. Organisations have now discovered the value of collaboration, both within and outside (Brooks, 2006, p.115).Teamwork has been linked to economic advantages, higher output, lower absenteeism and increased employee satisfaction (Steijn, 2001 Brooks, 2006 Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007). It has also been s hown to lead to less stressful work, reduced alienation and improved working relationships (Katzenback and Smith).Effective Team WorkingCertain conditions are necessary for effective teamwork (Buchanan and Hyczsynski, 2007). Several models of team working have been developed, however Tuckmans Model of Group ontogeny (1965) is one of the most widely used (Murray et al., 2006, Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007).Tuckman (1965) model depicts four distributor points of group development, which represents a logical sequence of stages of group development of which every team mustiness go through in order to work as a cohesive and effective team (Tuckman, 1965 Murray et al., 2006).The first stage is forming. Forming is closely orientation, affectionateisation and developing relationships. Discovering what is acceptable behaviour, focusing on objectives. Discovering the nature and boundaries of the task, developing team behavioursThe second stage is storming this is about confrontation and conflict and the struggle for power and influence. At this stage the group structure shifts towards hostility and conflict, as members express their individuality and resistance (Murray et al., 2006, p.314). During this stage there is conflict over individuals desires to express their own opinions, which often results in the polarisation of opinions (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007).The third stage is norming, in this stage groups develop a cohesive approach, whereby harmonious relations replace conflict and disagreement. During this stage, communication becomes more untied and people are more comfortable with expressing their opinions, even if it is different to others without fear of repercussions or thoughts of deviant behaviour (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007). Members begin to develop social interactions that enhance the overall performance of the group (Murray et al., 2006).Performing is the final stage of group development, in which teams are finally able to work as a cohesive un it. This is about team collaboration and the focus is on getting the task at hand completed and reaching the shared goals of the team. By this stage, the team should have a thorough understanding of what is required of them, the problems, challenges and issues they face in reaching their goals and will have established norms of behaviour that will facilitate the team in conflux its goals (Tuckman, 1965 Murray et al., 2006).The team which emerges as a result of these group development stages is a mature group, capable and willing to complete the tasks as defined by the organisation (Tuckman, 1965 Murray et al., 2006, Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007). Arguably, if the team is not able, for whatever reason to complete the stages of group development, then the team will be ineffective (Murray et al., 2006). As a result, this has important implications for managers and team leaders. Group processes and behaviour cannot be separated from the pursuit of effective team working. in that locat ionfore, leaders and managers must develop and emotional awareness of the influence of the psychological group on the overall performance of the team (Steijn, 2001 Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007)Factors which Threaten the Success of the TeamBuchanan and Hyczynski (2007) point out that teamwork of all kinds is fraught with tensions, conflicts, obstacles and problems. If these are not managed effectively, rather than exceeding the best members capabilities, the total group output may actually equal less than the weakest members efforts (p.351). This is known as negative synergy. This can be caused by factors such(prenominal) as negative equity, whereby other members of the group underperform so the other person animadverts why should I?, shirking of responsibility, negative effort of group reenforce whereby everyone is rewarded the same regardless of effort and finally, problems of coordination, so people are obstructing others ability to get on with a task (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 20007). Collectively, this phenomenon has come to be known as social loafing (Ingham et al., 1974).In addition to social loafing, problems of group think can have a negative impact on the performance of teams. Whilst the development of group norms and behaviour can be beneficial to the team, in its extreme form this can lead to the problem of group think (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007). Group think occurs whereby members of the group fail to critically analyse, test and evaluate problems, issues and challenges which face the group (Murray et al., 2006). This may be caused as a subconscious desire for members to avoid deviating from the positively charged norms of behaviour and group consensus (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007). However, this leads to ineffective team working, which is not beneficial to the organisation (West, 2004).Managers and team leaders play a pivotal role in ensuring that the problems of social loafing and group think does not occur. In addition managers should rec ognise team leaders who may advertently or inadvertently encourage the oncoming of negative synergy, social loafing and group think and take steps to minimise the impact of their ineffective team leadership.Impact of Technology on Team FunctioningTechnology plays an increasingly important role on the way in which teams function (Brooks, 2006). This is because organisations are becoming increasingly distributed crosswise geographical boundaries and across industries (Brooks, 2006, p.115). There are many different types of technologies that have emerged which facilitate the development of teamwork both in a virtual and non-virtual teamwork environment. The rise in computer negociate technology, which facilitates communication, planning and organisation, has broken down barriers and can contribute towards making the team more effective (West, 2004 Brooks, 2006). Virtual teams are becoming an increasingly common extension phone of traditional organisational structures. Brooks (2006) describes the process as the following virtual organisations, workplaces and teams are becoming increasingly common place. In a virtual team the members first-string interaction is through some combination of electronic communications systems, which allows members of the team to cross time, space and cultural boundaries (Brooks, 2006, p.110).The type of technology which facilitates both physical and virtual teams includes the reduction in costs in recent years of portable PCs and consumer electronics and of communications devices. For example, laptops have seen a reduction in price and the majority of modern-day laptops come with in-built microphones, speakers and web cams for video conferencing. The cost of international calls has reduced and can even be made for free using VOIP (voice over internet protocol) technologies, such as Skype and Google Voice.ConclusionTeamwork is becoming increasingly important in contemporary organisations, and as long as teams are formed, managed an d implemented effectively, can provide a source of competitive advantage in terms of increased employee satisfaction, creativity and innovation. However, if teams are assigned to inappropriate tasks, are managed ineffectively or not provided with adequate support, resources and autonomy to carry out their tasks then the effect of teamwork can be counterproductive. Teams are formal groups assigned by management that have shared goals. There is a difference between teams and groups groups can exist without teams but teams cannot exist without groups. Therefore, the impact of group behaviour and group dynamics will have a significant impact on the overall performance of the team. Therefore, management must be awareness of the presence of groups that create their own norms and personal goals, which may leave from the objectives of the team. Therefore, teamwork can be is a complex management area, yet if carried out effectively, the results can be very rewarding.

Government Essay -- Analysis, Thoreau

Thoreau starts his essay by supporting the motto- that government is best which governs least (177), which implies the reduction of governmental interference in everyday affairs by reducing the governments capacity to tax for unpopular causes. A case in point is a poll tax a per caput tax imposed on all citizens to help support, what Thoreau considered an unjust war against Mexico, which would extend slavery into new US territories, organized by a clarified elite of persons who have manipulated government to their benefit against popular will (177). Furthermore, Thoreau maintains that government rarely proves itself useful and that it derives its authority from the majority since they are physically the strongest group, not because they express the most legitimate viewpoint. He continues that individuals prior obligation is to do what they believe is right and not to obey the law dictated by the majority. It can be suggested that when a government is unjust, people should refuse to obey the law and dissociate themselves from the government in general. This implies that a person is not get to devote his life to eradicating evils from the world, but he is ought not to participate in such evils, which could mean not being a member of an unjust intromission such as the government. However, at the same time, it could not be the most appropriate approach for one to dissociate from the society and be ultimately responsible for(p) to herself alone, especially in current interconnected world. Moreover, it is worth noting, that there is a strong sense of individualism and skepticism toward the government throughout Thoreaus work. It can be argued that Thoreau is deeply skeptical of the government because he despises the view that an individu... ...mply not make the world any worse. To return to the original question, it would appear that a man has a duty to act according to the dictates of his conscience, despite the latter goes against majority opinion, or the l aws of society. In cases when the state supports unjust or immoral laws, Thoreaus notion of service to ones commonwealth paradoxically shifts to the form of resistance against it. Resistance is the highest form of patriotism because it illustrates a desire not to demolish government but to build a separate one in the long term. Thus, Thoreau does not advocate a complete rejection of the administration, but resistance to those specific features considered to be unjust or immoral. Even though Thoreaus ideas were not much influential in nineteenth century, it helped to inspire Mohandas Gandhis and Martin Luthor Kings theories of nonviolent resistance.

My Philosophy on Education - Hopes, Goals, and Dreams Essay examples --

My Philosophy on Education - Hopes, Goals, and Dreams When I was sixteen I started working with children from poor socioeconomic backgrounds at a Family Resource Center. Everyday I saw how many of the children got overlooked at home and at school. This experience was critical in my decision to become a teacher because I know that I will always go the extra mile with each and every child. all(a) children have lots of potential and need to be able to express it in some form whether it is with creative writing, making maps or building a model. All children deserve to be given the adequate time and attention they need to grow, learn, and reach out. Children should feel comfortable developing hopes, dreams, and goals and realize that they have the opportunity to achieve them. The pace and level of knowledge that a child learns is relative because every child learns differently. I think that children learn in many different forms including through the use of visual aids, verbal communication and written format. I think that most material should be broken down so it will be easier for the child to grasp. I agree with the theory of Socrates in that students should be questioned and questioned again so that they can rethink what they believe in. I think the purpose and enormousness of education is to develop childrens thinking capabilities, creativity, social skills and interactions to there fullest. Education is the key that will allo...