Chinese philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Chinese philosophy - Essay Example The ultimate motive of Chuang Tzu was, probably, to appreciate the beauty of River Hao. Text 1. Chuang Tzu and Hui Tzu were strolling along the bridge of the Hao River when Chuang Tzu said, â€Å"See how the minnows come out and dart around where they please! That’s what fish really enjoy!† Hui Shi said, â€Å"You are not a fish---how do you know what fish enjoy!† Chuang Tzu said, â€Å"You’re not I, so how do you know that I do not know what the fish enjoy.† Hui Shi said, â€Å"I am not you, so I certainly don’t know what you know. On the other hand, you are certainly not a fish—so that still proves you don’t know what fish enjoys.† Chuang Tzu said, â€Å"Let go back to your original question, please. You ask me how I know what fish enjoys. So you already knew I knew it when you ask the question. I know it by standing upon the River Hao.† In just a few statements, these two characters have sparked off a delightful, thought-provoking, and philosophical discussion, indeed. The fundamentals of the discussion revolve around the individuality and uniqueness of each body in this universe. Philosophy has given way to the notion that nobody knows what the other body is in actuality. In the spectrum of philosophical thought, reality is, in fact, a fallacy and with regards to the philosophical sphere of thinking, it is a matter of fact that Hui Shi may never know what Chuang Tzu is. What may seem to the human eye could be the result of one’s own biased expectations of thought and perceptions. In short, if Hui Shi expects Chuang Tzu to be human, Chuang Tzu will seem human to Hui Shi. However, it is Chuang Tzu who knows if he, himself, is human or not. In the case that Chuang Tzu is human, then Hui Shi has objected correctly against the claim of knowing what fishes enjoy. Chuang Tzu can never perceive what it is like to b e a foreign body. Even so, Chuang Tzu should not even try to perceive because his current, fixed

The Human Rights Regime Human Rights Essay

The Human Rights Regime Human Rights Essay While the idea of human rights may have a discernible homogeneity, perhaps derived from some kind of natural law theory or social theory, it is nonetheless clear that the implementation of these rights by states lacks a corresponding identity. Davidsons (1993, p.89) analysis of the concept of human rights highlights the chief difficulty that has faced the past generation of human rights regime, namely that it is an international problem that cannot be efficiently policed and guarded against by state law alone. The ubiquitous problem of definition only makes it easier for offending companies or nations to claim that their crimes do not officially come within the official realm of human rights. The current statecentric definition of human rights therefore facilitates evasive tactics and succeeds only in diminishing the significance of the issue on the eyes of statesmen and policy makers. To best tackle the dual problem within the title of this essay we first need to attempt to define the modern human rights regime, place it in its contemporary political context and evaluate its primary obstacles. Then we need to analyse the role of multinational corporations to evaluate in what ways these pose a problem to the human rights regime, posing the question of how these ubiquitous forces can be made accountable for their overseas empires. And finally we will examine the question of whether or not a new generation of human rights activity and organisation is required. The United Nations Charter (1948) is the vehicle for the international ideal of human rights, law and democracy. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (2000, p.82) sets out a modern definition and has served as the blueprint by which all subsequent interpretations have been measured. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. The phraseology is famous for its humanitariancentric ideology but herein lays the problem of the human rights issue within the broader international agenda. In political philosophy, the spirit of the Universal Declaration and subsequent treaties such as the Vienna Convention (1993) are inherently left of centre and imply a cooperative understanding and information exchange between modern states, east and west, north and south that is modelled on broadly socialist ideals. Yet, inevitably, the feeling of responsibility towards all oppressed people of the world, that was a legacy of the horrors of World War II, quickly dissipated. As history has taught us time and again, domestic economic and political concerns soon superseded human rights at the top of the international relations agenda and it is within such an environment that the modern human rights regime must currently work. The postwar international political situation has been exacerbated in recent times by the advent of globalisation as a political and economic reality. The Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1997) details the enormous change that globalisation has meant to the lives of millions of people across the globe. Since the Limburg Principles were adopted in 1986, the economic and social conditions have declined at alarming rates for over 1.6 billion people, while they have advanced also at a dramatic pace for more than a quarter of the worlds population. The gap between rich and poor has doubled in the last three decades, with the poorest fifth of the worlds population receiving 1.4% of the global income and the richest 85%. The impact of these disparities on the lives of people especially the poor is dramatic and renders the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights illusory for a significant portion of humanity. It naturally follows that many human rights lobbyists are also opponents of globalisation, in which they see the conduit through which further human rights abuses will be facilitated as the gulf between the rich and poor of the world continues to widen. And because the concept of globalisation relies heavily on the dynamics of transnational corporations it does not take a great leap in deduction to imagine that human rights abuses will slip further away from the top of the western political agenda if the west continues on its current economic and political course of action. The issue of the increased social and political role of transnational corporations (TNCs), as Jochnick (1999, pp.5679) testifies, is a major problem for the enforcement of the human rights agenda. Most developing countries face TNCs with revenues many times larger than their domestic economies. TNCs account for almost half of the top one hundred economies in the world, and a mere two hundred of them are estimated to control a quarter of the worlds productive assets. Grouped together in trade associations with the active support of their home countries, TNCs exercise an inordinate influence over local law and policies. Their impact on human rights ranges from a direct role in violations, such as abuses of employees or the environment, to indirect support of governments guilty of widespread oppression. The argument to limit the scope of TNCs has been prevalent for the past thirty years. In 1974 the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States declared in Article 2 (b) that, each state has the right to regulate and supervise the activities of transnational corporations within its national jurisdiction and take measures to ensure that such activities comply with its law, rules and regulations and conform with its economic and social policies. While the political reality of human rights abuses has altered little due to the above statement and indeed the increased focus on human rights in general, its existence as an ideal and a manifestation of consensus amongst the generation of drafters makes it an important and relevant document for the next generation of human rights activists. In 2003, for instance, the Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regards to Human Rights defined human rights and transnational companies in a bi d to clarify the ambiguities that have existed since 1945. It also specified areas of negligence such as the treatment of children and the provision for providing adequate food and drink for the workforce. This document underscores the continuing strive to hold multinationals to account but it likewise poses as many questions as it answers. Although the accountability of transnational corporations is a commendable course of action it is fraught with problems of perspective. The main theory posited against the legal extension of human rights violations to include TNCs is that multinational corporations are private entities and should not have the same restrictions such as those imposed upon states. TNCs should, from this viewpoint, be responsible only for the proper conduct of their business and should not have to interfere in broader social issues, which ought to come within the jurisdiction of the local national government or the UN. At this point we need to examine the intricacies of the traditional multinational corporation so as to determine the necessity for an increased net of surveillance. Nike is probably the incarnation of a major multinational corporation within the bounds of this discussion. Since the Reagan administration there has been consistent questioning of the role of Nike in Third World countries with particular emphasis on the growing divide between the companys turnover and the lifestyle of the workers in countries such as Indonesia, where many of the firms manufacturing plants are in operation. The specific problem of corporate responsibility for multinationals such as Nike is explained in detail by Daniel Litvin (2003, p.228). The American multinational does not actually own the facilities producing its sports gear around the world; rather, it contracts out its manufacturing to other firms. And it has tried to respond to western criticism over its alleged sweatshop production by setting up numerous systems for monitoring labour practices in these factories, largely involving visit and inspections by outsiders. But just as Cecil Rhodes British South Africa Company seriously misunderstood the cultural dynamics of the indigenous societies of South Africa, and just as Aramco, for all its efforts, found it difficult to predict changes within Saudi society, so Nike has been struggling to track the conditions in its factories. Within the case study of Nike is a problem that affects the entire human rights corporate agenda. Although multinational companies are registered in western countries, much of the grass roots level abuses occur outside of the scope of the executive branch. Clearly human rights lobbyists will state that Nike and other TNCs in its position ought to ensure a more durable form of internal communication but, legally speaking, the fact that the manufacturing is subcontracted shifts corporate responsibility away from the multinational and only creates more legal and political issues for the human rights regime. There clearly is a need for a new generation of human rights regime, one that is not so inherently statecentric in its analysis of the issue. Because of the economic and political climate of dominant western powers, which we have already outlined, much of the work of human rights bodies must take place within the confines of nongovernmental organisations (NGOs). Unlike national governments, who have to deal with a perpetually shifting social agenda, NGOs can dedicate their time and resources to the achievement of individual, secular goals. The work done by human rights NGOs is various and diverse. Much of their remit involves carrying out some form of information gathering and fact finding activities. Furthermore, nonstate parties have learnt, from the conflicts in Africa and Central and Southern America, that networking between organisations is the best way to achieve homogeneity against statesponsored and corporate oppression. As a result, NGOs have helped bring to the attention of the world media human rights abuses that might otherwise have continued undetected. But this is not an end in itself; it is merely a means to an as yet undecipherable end, as highlighted by Hegarty and Leonard (1999, p.283). There is some evidence that overt monitoring by NGOs deters states from committing abuses. But, there are many places in the world where overt monitoring is not possible, and there are many governments that seem able to dismiss easily United Nations criticism of their human rights record. The influence of nongovernmental organisations therefore remains cultural rather than institutional or organisational and there are definite limits to the reach that they have in international relations. Conclusion Human rights, as a creed, are inexorably tied with the political and economic concerns of the west and its programme of globalisation. It thus follows naturally that many of the arguments for and against the role of multinational corporations within the ongoing debate are politically motivated. For example, many of the voices of dissent against TNCs contain the same voices of opposition against globalisation; ditto for supporters of globalisation who seek to cover up the core business excesses of multinationals. We must therefore be aware of hidden agendas and political rhetoric and recognise this as a major obstacle to the advancement of human rights at the beginning of the twentyfirst century. The statecentricity of the contemporary human rights regime has resulted in the suffocation of a social force that would otherwise surely have made more strident inroads into curtailing the power of multinational companies. However, the increased communication and network strategies of nonstate actors has resulted in a more united human rights regime with greater authority in the state political sphere. The future challenge is for the next generation of human rights regime to resist the inevitable challenge of the worlds economic elite, who will naturally fight against all attempts to narrow perceptions of human rights, and to bring multinational corporations to account for their overseas capitalist practices. BIBLIOGRAPHY S. Davidson, Human Rights: First Edition (Open University Press; Buckingham, 1993) D. Forsyth, Human Rights in International Relations (Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, 2000) C. Gearty, Principles of Human Rights Adjudication (Oxford University Press; Oxford, 2004) A. Hegarty S. Leonard (Edtd.), Human Rights: an Agenda for the TwentyFirst Century (Cavendish; London, 1999) M.T. Kamminga F. Coomans (Edtd.), Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties (Intersentia; Antwerp Oxford, 2004) D. Litvin, Empires of Profit: Commerce, Conquest and Corporate Responsibility (Texere; New York London, 2003) J.W. Nickel, Making Sense of Human Rights: Philosophical Reflections on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (University of California; Berkeley, 1987) C. Ovey R.C.A. White, Jacobs and White: European Convention on Human Rights: Third Edition (Oxford University Press; Oxford, 2002) P. Plowden K. Kerrigan, Advocacy and Human Rights: Using the Convention in Courts and Tribunals (Cavendish; London, 2002) G. Teubner (Edtd.), Global Law without a State (Dartmouth; Aldershot, 1997) Human Rights in International Law, Collected Texts: Second Edition (Council of Europe Publishing; Strasbourg, 2000) International Treaties and Documents Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States; GA Res. 3281(xxix), UN GAOR, 29th Sess., Supp. No. 31 (1974) 50 The Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Maastricht; January 2226, 1997) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), in, Human Rights in International Law, Collected Texts: Second Edition (Council of Europe Publishing; Strasbourg, 2000) Selected Articles and Journals C. Jochnick, Confronting the Impunity of NonState Actors: New Fields for the Promotion of Human Rights, in, Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 21, Number 1 (February 1999) L. Wiseberg, Protecting Human Rights Activists and NGOs, in, Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 13, Number 525 (November 1999)

Traditional vs. Modern Society Essay -- Anthropology Culture Society E

Traditional vs. Modern Society In today's world, the modern person is educated, independent and aggressive. To be a success, you must put forth your most competitive side and win it all. Nothing less will be permitted. This is the mindset of most business tycoons, stockbrokers and the like. However, on the other side of the globe, third world countries follow a more traditional lifestyle where the outlook on life is a little less malicious. In these countries, the society's idea of success is being part of a large family with prosperous crops and livestock. How is it that our society and theirs have both been successful? And why has the traditional way of life stayed so prevalent in such an industrialized world? First, what exactly does a traditional society entail? A traditional society has many distinguishable traits. A big difference is the rate of illiteracy in these societies. Since everyone in the family is working together to survive, no one has the time or energy to learn how to read and write. Education is considered an indulgence in traditional societies. Farming is the main career - low urbanization and more rural communities fill these areas. Farming is not meant to bring profit, like in a modern society; it means survival for these people. Many people are needed to reap a field when the crops are ready. Therefore, many children must be born. The birth rates in third world cultures are very high as a result. Males are obviously preferred. Because of the...

Ready For New Achievements Essay

To begin with, through all the writing assignments that I have written so far, I have showed to have the capacity to come out with good ideas. Thinking about possible reasons of the problem, consequences or even solutions to the topic, are all very important as the first step to begin. For instance, while writing assignment number two, I started with questions to make us think how armed guards may not be prepared to work with children, and I listed detailed examples on how its consequences can affect the kids’ welfare. In doing so, it can make the readers think profoundly, and realize that there is more to worry about over its negative consequences. In other words, deeply comprehending the topic helps to increase my and the readers’ critical thinking and develop better viewpoints and conclusions. Having good concepts, motivated me to write well-developed writings. At the same time, profound thoughts lead me to overthink about the topic and make me spend more time on my writings. Having a lot of ideas to write about are sometimes not necessary. An example of this situation is my â€Å"Kids With Better Futures† midterm writing assignment. Since this was an in class paper, I had to come out with strong and good ideas quicker than usual, but I tend to write some run-on sentences. Moreover, I couldn’t show all the ideas I had in that specific moment; because of the time I spent thinking about my main ideas. For example, I could also have written about my own experience as a child and how my parents have been a huge influence in my academic life, or how my environment and life style might affect the way â€Å"The Western† and â€Å"Chinese† parenting styles work. Lacking several ideas made me feel that I did not completely show my thoughts or even feelings about the topic, which I think is one of my biggest weaknesses. Nevertheless, this 263 ESL class has helped me to learn how I can organize my ideas in each paragraph and create good topic sentences. For instance, at the beginning of the course I did not know the correct order in which I had to write out my main ideas. I used to just write what I had in my mind, without taking into account that I was missing the organization of each paragraph, starting from the main idea, the controlling idea, paraphrase, and examples in the conclusion. As a result, my first writing assignment did not turn out that strong. But now, I know how to properly and correctly construct my paragraphs, and how to focus on each paragraph’s structure to make them look precise and clear. I took advantage of this class, learned as much as possible and I am completely prepared for the following levels.

Acct1101 Exam Final Sample

Venue____________________ Seat Number________ Student Number|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| Family Name_____________________ First Name_____________________ Venue____________________ Seat Number________ Student Number|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| Family Name_____________________ First Name_____________________ This exam paper must not be removed from the venue School of Business SAMPLE EXAMINATION ACCT1101 Account for Decis Making This paper is for St Lucia Campus students. For Examiner Use Only QuestionMark 1| | 2| | 3| | 4| | | | MCQ| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total For Examiner Use Only QuestionMark 1| | 2| | 3| | 4| | | | MCQ| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total Examination Duration:120 minutes Reading Time:10 minutes Exam Conditions: This is a Central Examination This is a Closed Book Examination – specified materials permitted During perusal – write only on the rough paper provided Materials Permitted In The Exam Ve nue: (No electronic aids are permitted e. g. laptops, phones) Any unmarked paper dictionary is permitted Calculators – Casio FX82 series or UQ approved (labelled) Materials to Be Supplied To Students: x 14 Page Answer Booklet Rough Paper 1 x Multiple Choice Answer Sheet Instructions to Students: * Answer all questions using the writing book and the Multiple Choice Answer * Sheet provided. * This sample exam is intended to be an indication of the content of the main and final exams. It is not intended to be a complete indication of the content of the supplementary exam, as this exam also assesses all course content Question 1 Go Stop Limited is preparing its budget for the quarter beginning 1 January 2013. The bank balance at 1 January is expected to be $10,000,000.The directors have a policy to purchase just enough to cover that month’s expected sales. Purchases are to be paid for by the end of the following month. Sales are on credit as follows: Receipts:| | Current m onth| 60%| month before| 30%| 2 months before| 10%| Total| 100%| | | Budgeted Sales are: $,000| $,000| $,000| $,000| $,000| November| December| January| February| March| 46,800 | 48,000 | 50,000 | 52,000 | 56,000 | The firm’s gross profit margin is 30%. The following fixed monthly expenses are all paid on cash terms ($, 000): Wages| 15,000| Rent| 6,000| Rates| 3,000| Insurance| 1,500|An expensive piece of equipment was paid for in February, costing $1,200,000 Required: 1) Prepare the company’s cash budget for the three months beginning 1 January showing the balance at the end of each month. Show workings. Use the proforma cash budget sheet that follows 2) Advise the management on the forecast cash position 3) Advise management of the importance of Cash Management Answer Sheet: Go Stop Limited | January| February| March| Total| | $,000| $,000| $,000| $,000| Receipts:| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Total Cash receipts| | | | | | | | | | Payments:| | | | |DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PROFORMA IN THE EXAM:USE AS A GUIDE ONLY AND WRITE YOUR ANSWER IN THE NORMAL GREEN ANSWER BOOKLET| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total cash payments| | | | | | | | | | Net cash flows| | | | | | | | | | Opening Bank Balance| | | | | Closing Bank Balance| | | | | Question 2 Given below is a table that sets out the annual budgeted income statement for a large clothing retailer, together with actual performance figures. The retailer has several stores located all over Australia and New Zealand. Sales are made directly over the counter and also by mail delivery Income statement| for year ended 30 June| Budgeted $,000| Actual $,000| | | | Sales| 4,200,000| 5,000,000| Cost of sales| 3,640,000| 3,430,000| Marketing| 12,000| 40,000| Distribution costs| 10,000| 23,000| Administration costs| 213,000| 316,000| Interest expense| 104,000| 110,000| Abnormal expense| 0| 25,000| Net profit| 221,000| 1,056,000| Required: i. Calculate the variances for each item and state whet her they are Favourable (FAV) or Adverse (ADV) ii. Comment on each variance in light of the information given about the company and suggest further investigation that will be necessary to better ascertain the cause of these variances iii.Comment on the company’s overall performance during the year and discuss the key areas that the business should be considering Question 3 James Wilson, process engineer, had been given the task of redesigning an existing process to improve environmental performance. He knew that the acceptance of a more environmentally efficient process would depend on its economic feasibility. The process design required new equipment and an infusion of working capital. The equipment would cost $450,000 and its cash operating expenses would total $90,000 per year.The equipment would last for seven years but would need a major overhaul costing $45,000 at the end of the fifth year. At the end of 7 years, the equipment could be sold for $30,000. The annual depr eciation for this equipment using the straight line method would be $60,000. An increase in working capital (Current Assets – Current Liabilities) totalling $45,000 would also be required at the beginning. This would be recovered at the end of seven years. On the benefit side, James estimated that the new process would save $202,500 per year in environmental costs by eliminating fines and clean-up costs.The cost of capital is 10%. Required: 1. Prepare a schedule of relevant net cash flows for the proposed project. 2. Calculate the NPV of the project. 3. Should the new process design be accepted? 4. What factors should James consider other than environmental ones when deciding whether to go ahead with this project? Question 4 Sailaway Limited is a small yacht builder. It has operated successfully for many years from a factory that allows for production of 40 yachts per year. In most years the company can sell all the yachts it can produce. The selling price of each yacht is $1 2 600.Variable labour and materials costs are $7 750 per yacht, and the fixed costs associated with running the business from the present factory are $58 200. The company's directors are meeting to discuss a proposal to increase the business's production capacity. A neighbouring factory has become vacant and it would be possible to rent the additional space in order to produce more yachts. The additional capacity in terms of production would be 20 yachts. The sales director is confident that, with the growth in the leisure yachting market, he will be able to sell the additional yachts.Variable costs per yacht will remain the same because the same labour and materials are used. However, the expansion would produce an additional $14 550 in fixed costs. Required: 1. Advise the company’s directors on whether to go ahead with this proposal 2. What would be the break even in number of yachts: a. Without the proposal b. With the proposal 3. What is the margin of safety in number of yachts and percentage of yachts c. Without the proposal d. With the proposal From this comment of which is the riskiest alternative Multiple choice questions:Answer these questions on the separate multiple choice answer sheet Each question carries one mark 1. One of the approaches to setting budgets is known as the ‘top down' approach. This is best described as: A| production budget set first and working from this to other budgets. | B| setting the sales forecast and working from this to other budgets. | C| budget targets set by senior management. | D| budget targets set at the lowest level of management. | 2. High operating gearing refers to: A| an activity with relatively high variable costs compared with its fixed costs. B| an activity with relatively high fixed costs compared with its variable costs. | C| an activity with relatively low fixed costs compared with its variable costs. | D| an activity with fixed costs equal to its variable costs. | 3. The decision rule for th e accounting rate of return method of assessing investment projects is to accept all projects with: A| a positive return. | B| the highest return subject to a minimum required return. | C| the highest return. | D| none of the above. | 4. A disadvantage associated with the use of the accounting rate of return method for assessing investment opportunities is:A| it is a method that is not widely understood by business. | B| it is based on an accrual approach rather than cash flows. | C| it ignores the time value of money. | D| B and C. | 5. The time value of money is an important concept in investment decisions as it takes into account that: A| a dollar received tomorrow is more valuable than a dollar received today. | B| a dollar received today is equal to a dollar received tomorrow. | C| it takes time to earn profits. | D| a dollar received today is more valuable than a dollar received tomorrow. | END OF EXAMINATION

Policy Analysis and Ethics

Policy Analysis and Ethics Describe the policy issue then the rational choice process applied in your public agency Policy Issue Formulation and implementation of policies is a very complex and detailed process because of the variables involved. Public policy makers have many variables and alternatives to compare before making up their minds on what policy to formulate and implement. Kingdon simplified the art of public policy making into four stages:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Analysis and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The setting of the agenda; the specification of alternatives from which a choice is to be made; an authoritative choice among those specified alternatives, as in a legislative vote or a presidential decision; and the implementation of the decision. (Kingdon 3) Kingdon argued that the process of policy making entails three processes: â€Å"problems, policies and politics† (16). In the first process, agenda is set when there is a dramatic event that leads to some agenda being set up. More often than not, according to Kingdon, agenda which come up in this manner (through a problem) are often the wrong ones. The manner in which a government acts sometimes is considered not appropriate for a given condition. Another process which defines policy making process is the accumulation of knowledge which in the long run makes inclination of policy towards favoring such knowledge. Lastly, the political processes also affect the setting of the agenda in a significant manner: â€Å"swings of national mood, vagaries of public opinion, elections results, changes of administration, and turnover in Congress all may have powerful effects† (Kingdon 17). In summary, Kingdon pointed out that the three processes -â€Å"problem recognition, generation of policy proposals, and political events† – may turn out to be a thrust or a restraint: As an impetus, items are promoted to highe r agenda prominence, as ‘when a new administration makes possible the emergence of a new battery of proposals. As a constraint, items are prevented from rising on the agenda, as when a budget constraint operates to rule out the emergence of items that are perceived as being too costly. Some items may not arise on the agenda because of the financial cost, the lack of acceptance by the public, the opposition of powerful of interests, or simply because they are less pressing than other items in the competition for attention. (Kingdon 17)Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Rational Choice Process As already discussed above, policy making is a process confronted with many influencing forces. Ways have been formulated to give guidance on which policy is to be formulated. The rational choice process is among the ways which are used to decide on which policy is to be formula ted and implemented (â€Å"Rational choice† par. 1). The rational choice process tends to make the process of policy making one which will bring about changes that are required (Bueno de Mesquita par. 1). In applying this method, values or objectives are clarified. This clarification makes it possible to ensure a policy will address the actual problem it was meant to, in other words, the means of analysis starts from the end: â€Å"first the ends are isolated, then the means to achieve them are sought† (Lindblom 81). The process of analyzing is carried out in a comprehensive manner with every detail that has significance being put into consideration. This method has a heavy reliance on theory (Lindblom 81). Do you see bureaucrats in your office just ‘muddling through’? Public offices more often than not have to deal with conflicting interests. These interests are more pronounced when it comes to policy formulation which affects different parties. The parti es which are to be affected are likely to exert pressure by whichever means to ensure that the policy formulated is such that it benefits a certain party. This kind of influence is often bad as it leads to formulation of policies which are discriminatory in addressing issues which are affecting the general public. Such influences should be countered to ensure that policies are formulated to benefit the general public and not a section of the public. Formulation of policies in my public agency has a fixed procedure that is followed. This procedure is meant to ensure that the process of policy formulation is free from ridicule and above all that the policy is formulated in such a way that it addresses the main problem affecting the general public.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Analysis and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bureaucracy therefore is not an issue in our office. The transparency in our offi ce helps to ensure that all the processes especially on formulation of policies is open to all the public for scrutiny. The agency is also committed to serving all the Californians in the best manner possible. Through processes such as the 3Cs and the 5 Ps, the agency ensures that policy formulation is carried out in a rational manner. In my public agency, there is the standard operating precedence (SOP). This is a procedure which has to be followed in all legislative procedures. This implies that no short cuts can be taken when it is necessary to save on time. SOP makes it hard to make fast decisions in the cases of emergencies or any other situations which require very quick decisions. What code of ethics or accountability mechanisms exists in your public agency? Holders of public offices ought to uphold integrity in the line of duty. Since they are dealing with public wealth and issues which influence the general public, public officials should ensure that their administration is ethical. According to Thompson, administrative ethics has to do with the â€Å"application of moral principles to the conduct of officials in organizations† (Thompson 458), in the context of public offices, â€Å"administrative ethics is a species of political ethics, which applies moral principles to political life more generally† (Thompson 458). Thompson goes ahead to show what moral principles define: The rights and duties that individuals should respect when they act in ways that seriously affect the well-being of other individuals and society; and the conditions that collective practices and policies should satisfy when they similarly affect the well being of individuals and society. (Thompson 458) Thompson further argued that moral principles do not advocate for a particular interested perspective but rather advocates for the interest of every person. It is imperative that when an action is being taken it receives a general acceptance even by those who may have not taken part in the action. There are two challenges to administrative ethics: â€Å"the ethic of neutrality and the ethic of structure† (Thompson 458). According to the ethic of neutrality, administrators are neutral ethically in the sense that they execute the orders that are given to them by their superiors.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is argued that the orders to be executed do not come from the administrators and therefore the administrators are just used as tools hence the need to view them neutrally in the light of ethics. The principle of the ethic of neutrality argues that officials have a duty to serve the organizations they are leading such that those organizations will serve the society in turn. This principle acknowledges the fact that administrators more often than not have to use their judgment when making the policies. However, the administrators always have to make the policies in a manner that is inclined to the philosophies of the superiors. It is further argued that even if an administrator may differ in opinion with her or his superior, once the policy is formulated the administrator will only have the choice of implementing it. The proposals that have been brought up by the principle of the ethic of neutrality however have been confronted by criticism in three aspects. The first argument poin t is that the influence of an administrator in policy formulation is more than just implementing the superiors’ orders. Administrators have the potential of mobilizing huge support for formulation of policies and therefore they can determine the direction of a policy. The second argument is closely related to the third argument. In the second objection, opponents of this principle argue that there are many reasons that make it hard for an administrator to resign such that not resigning would not automatically imply that an administrator is in agreement with the way an organization is run. It is also pointed out against the principle of ethic that if all public officials who are not in agreement with the policies formulated in their organizations are to resign then the nation will experience a great loss of public service. Lastly, the principle of the ethic of neutrality is objected to because of the limitation it imposes on public administrators: obedience or resignation. The second challenge to administrative ethics is the ethic of structure. The ethic of structure advocates for the blame of a wrong committed to be on an organization or the government as a whole. According to this principle, public officials are only liable for the actions that they commit at the level of their own offices. For a person to take up blame then following criteria must be met: â€Å"That the person’s actions or omissions were a cause of the outcome; and that the person did not act in excusable ignorance or under compulsion† (Thompson 463). Are there any additional accountability mechanisms missing to strengthen accountability in your public agency? In my public office, accountability by each member is of a high priority. Each person accorded any responsibility has to take responsibility with a lot of seriousness. All the interns and any other person working at the agency are encouraged to always seek for clarifications and direction from group members or from superiors concerning projects they are carrying out. Every person in the agency is responsible for his or actions. There is free discussion among all the people working in the organization on issues affecting California. The public is at liberty to contact the organization and make suggestions on what they wish to have implemented. The general observation therefore is that the agency is not plagued with the administrative ethics challenges. The rational method of choice should be adopted by the agency to ensure that the process of policy formulation is in line with the public demands. There are other mechanisms which can be used to strengthen accountability in my public agency. One of them is hiring of a private firm to oversee the operations of the agency. In most cases private agencies are neutral and as a result they are likely to carry out their duties without any external influence. Encouraging transparency especially in regard to overtime practices will help to reduce abuse o f overtime provisions. Transparency can also cut across on how public resources are used. For instance, when agency cars are used, for instance, on private missions this should be brought book. Using of public resources for private purposed can be avoided when everything is kept transparent and available for scrutiny by the public eye. This should include the seemingly insignificant issues such as running errands. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce 2012, Foreign policy analysis and rational choice models. PDF file. Web. Kingdon, John. How Does an Ideas Time Come? Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. New York: Prentice Hall, 1995. Print. Lindblom, Charles. Science of Muddling Through. New York: Prentice Hall, 1959. Print. Mosher, Frederick. Watergate: Implications for Responsible Government. New York: Prentice Hall, 1974. Print. Rational Choice 2012. Web. Thompson, Dennis. The Possibility of Administrative Ethics. New York: Prentice Hall, 1985. Print.

Twelfth Night Essays - Olivia, Twelfth Night, Orsino, Viola

Twelfth Night Essays - Olivia, Twelfth Night, Orsino, Viola Twelfth Night Comedic Conflict and Love in Trevor Nunns Twelfth Night Trevor Nunn's direction of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night takes away some of the confusion present in the reading of the text, which begins with the complicated love interests of the main characters. Having been the artistic director for the world famous Royal Shakespeare Company for eighteen years, Nunn is vastly familiar with adaptations of Shakespeares plays. Part of the comedy of this film develops from the first three acts of the play, which allow for a complex circle of interaction to develop within the film. Nunns use of the prologue at the beginning of the film presents crucial information in an easy to understand, witty way. The films prologue makes clear much of the plays primary confusion, and establishes the foundation on which the rest of the film may balance upon. Nunns adaptation of Twelfth Night begins with the founding relationship in the play, the designs that Orsino expresses for Olivia. It is clear that this first interaction is the basis for others that occur, and it is also clear that both Shakespeare and Nunn utilize this interaction to create the comedic effects that happen because of the subsequent love interests. Orsino is not just an average courtly love, he is the Duke, and has considerable stature and respectability in his community. It is expected that his love for the Countess Olivia will be reciprocated, even in the midst of her grieving the loss of her brother. However, Duke Orsino's attempts at contact are met with disdain, but Olivia's lack of interest does not dissuade Orsino from continuing his pursuit. Duke Orsino is not a skilled romantic. His belief that he can compel Olivia into marriage through the expression of his feelings in messages demonstrates his lack of real passion in the situation and shows that he is of great stature, perhaps to belittle himself with courting. He is not Romeo hiding in the bushes for his Juliet, and this is one of the elements of separation that cause the comedic conflict to occur. If Orsino had taken it upon himself to persuade Olivia personally, instead of sending messengers, the outcome of the film would have been significantly altered. Both Shakespeare and Nunn support the importance of Malvolio's role through the love that he has for himself, as well as his love for Olivia. While Malvolio's love for Olivia creates a sub plot, including the actions manipulated by Maria's deception, this only builds on the comedic effect that is created by the other loves that develop. The comedic conflict is further developed in Malvolios Puritanesque wardrobe of his suit and shoes. This comedy seen in Malvolios wardrobe is extended to the end of the film when Malvolio appears wearing bright yellow tights and cross belts. Malvolio's character is significant because he at first attempts to bring an air of respectability and chastity to the whole film, though his essential flaws and his inability to recognize the reality of people's feelings, including Olivia's, removes him from the position of moral overseer to a simple player in the game of love. Malvolio's error is related to his self-perceptions and his consideration of his own self-importance, rather than his caring and compassion for his mistress Olivia. The other character of significance is Viola, and she is important in the development of the comedic conflict that occurs. She is a noblewoman who disguises herself as a boy, and becomes a servant of Orsino. Orsino uses Viola as a messenger to persuade the steadfast Olivia to hear his pleas of love. The problem with this scenario is that in the process of winning a position with Orsino, Viola falls in love with him, thus her voice as a messenger for Orsino is complicated by her own feelings. The comedic conflict of love occurs primarily within this love triangle of Olivia, Orsino and Viola. Olivia falls in love with a girl pretending to be a boy, as Orsino subsequently falls for a boy, who, fortunately for him, is in actuality a girl. Instead of persuading Olivia on Orsino's behalf, Viola, who is called Cesario as a boy, attacks the love of Olivia, complicating the film. Viola does not immediately recognize the affections

Master Essay

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Competitive Structure and Resources of Southwest Airlines Research Paper

Competitive Structure and Resources of Southwest Airlines - Research Paper Example Even though it is common knowledge that Southwest Airlines has a very large share of the market, there are also as many buyers or air transport travelers as possible, who use the serves of other airlines within the market region where Southwest Airlines operate (Mazzeo, 2009). As far as buyer entry barriers are concerned, there are no buyer entry barriers for patrons of air transportation and this gives a very strong indication as to why Southwest Airlines is operating a perfect competition. Even more, regardless of all the successes that has been seen by the airline in its market segment, there continues to be fierce competition among other key competitors with no competitor having a market share of more than 30% (Prince and Simon, 2009). What this means is that market share is low and there are other substitute products in terms of other forms of transportation that consumer may fall on. Macro and international influences on the firm As an international company, the operations of S outhwest Airlines are greatly affected by a number of macro and international factors, of which the company barely has no authority or control over. Whereas some of these macro and international influences are political, some are economical, whiles others are social. As far as political factors are concerned, it is on record that even though the American and Chinese governments have each tried as much as possible to keep taxes on air transport minimal, factors like homeland security, infrastructure enhancement and environmental protection have led to a situation whereby there are huge sums of taxes imposed on the traveling public (Mazzeo, 2009). These taxes are often translated into higher airline tickets, which generally affect the rate at which people choose to travel by air. The table below represents some of the special commercial aviation taxes that are paid in the United States, where Southwest Airline is very dominant. Type of Tax Rate Passenger ticket tax 7.50% Flight Segmen t Tax (Domestic) $3.8 Frequent Flyer Tax 7.5% International Departure Tax $16.7 International Arrival Tax %16.7 September 11th Fee $2.5 Customs User Fee $5.5 Federal Security Sub-charge $2.5 Passenger Facility Charge $4.5 Source: Airlines for America By provisions of the government, these are taxes that are inevitable to the airline and those influences its pricing, promotions and marketing style all together. The economic recession, which has over the years become unpredictable, and growing inflation problems are some macro economic factors that affect the company. What is more, demographics of travelers happens to be a majority macro social factor that influences Southwest Airlines given that air transport is fast becoming the preserve of the elite and that there has to be more of the higher social class emanating from society to get the market really booming. Changes in market structure Over the years, the market structure with which Southwest Airlines competed in has changed sig nificantly. Most of these changes have actually taken place in terms of the availability of skill, labor and raw materials. For instance, with the advancement of technology, which is dominating almost every type of industrial sector in the global economic regime, the use of highly skilled labor force is no longer an optional choice for the

Common law and Civil law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Common law and Civil law - Essay Example The merging of these courts with the common law courts is thus what laid a framework for the present-day judicial system in America. The common laws subject all citizens to similar laws, regardless of their official ranks, or lack of. At the same time, the extent to which the government exercises its powers is dependent on the limitations of the common laws. Thus, the common law can be viewed at as a legal system development of the Anglo-Saxon people (Laeuchli, 2007). On the other hand, the civil system of law is dominant in the European countries that were former French or Spanish colonies. One of the contrasting differences between the common law and the civil law is that the former has a historical basis; they are a development of the custom. As such, they were in use even before they were put in writing, and people continued using them even after they became written laws (Dainow, 1967). In line with this, civil laws attempts to interpret doctrinal writings, as opposed to the application of facts, while dealing with legal fictions. At the same time, civil laws are based on detailed legal principles. Ideally, the methods

Solar energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Solar energy - Essay Example There is huge potential of creation of jobs and establishment of allied manufacturing industries in the Arab countries. With the growth in the export demand of the solar thermal systems, prices are expected to decline. â€Å"A World Bank/African Development Bank CSP Investment Plan for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has secured $750 million from the $6.4 billion Climate Investment Funds to support the expensive start-up phase when costs of solar power are high and export markets undeveloped† (â€Å"Concentrated Solar Power†). TiSUN, the Austrian solar thermal system manufacturer manufactured the subsidiary TiSUN GCC FZC to serve the Middle Eastern markets. It has been more than twenty years since TiSUN has been creating and selling systems to utilize the solar energy. These solar systems offer fully independent and free solar energy that can be used for a variety of purposes including water heating, backup heating, and cooling. TiSUN is the solar heating specia list from Europe and its quote of export is almost 83 per cent (â€Å"Press Releases†). TiSUN founded the solar thermal system in the start of December 2011 in Dubai. ... Robin M. Welling, the CEO of TiSUN who is involved in the renewable energies’ economics in the Arabian markets explained this in these words, â€Å"The countries of the Arabian Gulf are among the sunniest regions in the world. With nine hours per day, the amount of sunshine is much higher than in any European country. This is one reason why the Middle Eastern countries provide the ideal conditions for the installation of solar thermal systems† (Welling cited in â€Å"Press Releases†). TiSUN G.C.C. FZC has been distributing the solar thermal systems in numerous Emirates since December 2011 that include Bahrain, Iraq, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Abu Dhabi currently has a large project on which TiSUN solar thermal systems are being installed. This project contains a total of 750 houses constructed on the area of six square kilometers, gardens containing pools, various commercial buildings and two private schools. In this area, 28 luxury houses for single families have been supplied with the TiSUN solar thermal system. This system provides the houses with environment friendly hot water. The TiSUN solar thermal system allows each house to produce energy for at least four individuals with the total area of collector surface being eight square meters and a provision of fresh water tanks with the capacity of 500 liters. Percentage of the TiSUN system’s solar fraction is 70. TiSUN G.C.C. FZC’s Managing Director, Bashar Muhtadi expresses his contentment with the positive developments with respect to energy in the markets based in the Middle East in these words, â€Å"The integration of solar heating systems in the modern building environment has become a standard in the MENA (Middle East + North Africa) region in the last three years –

Employed in 'Sao Mai' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employed in 'Sao Mai' - Essay Example He is given with the charges of directing, monitoring and managing almost every operational process in the company. His responsibilities in the company include managing a group of 20 architects and engineers along with taking any decision for the benefit of the company. He completely utilizes his power to accomplish his targets that assists the company to grow. Discussion The power gained by Mr. Tam Nguyen has three sources. These are interpersonal source, vertical or hierarchical source and horizontal or situational source. The influences of these sources on the power of Mr. Tam Nguyen are as follows. Interpersonal Powers Person Based power The personality traits of Mr. Tam Nguyen play a vital role in making him the most powerful employee in ‘Sao Mai’. He has been associated with the company over a long period. This gave him a considerable experience to control the organizational processes with efficiency. He is also a good trainer because he always keeps pressure on hi s subordinates to perform better increasing the potentiality of the workforce. He is a very ambitious in directing his subordinates that creates tremendous pressure over the workforce. This often tends to hinder the morale of the employees giving rise to the turnover rate. He desires the entire workforce to perform as he did without providing consideration to the eligibility of the employees. His current position in the company is certainly due to his personal qualities that has a significant influence on the CEO as well. Position Based power Mr. Tam Nguyen is assigned to segregate the diverse construction project related responsibilities including designing and allocation of resources. This is generally determined on the basis of the abilities and competences of the architects and engineers. The responsibilities are also often segregated according to his choice and perceptions. His responsibilities include convincing and persuading the clients regarding any impasse with ‘Sao Mai’. He is also solely responsible for taking any decision regarding financial matters or employee evaluations. He possesses the liberty to offer bonus or rewards to the high performers of ‘Sao Mai’. He is also liable to terminate any employee in case of inefficiency. Mr. Tam Nguyen liberally utilizes his position based powers over the employees of ‘Sao Mai’. He often praises the performing employees and motivates them to work harder. He also tends to terminate inefficient employees whose acts might have hindered customer satisfaction or the commitment of the company towards its services. Whatever the decision he takes is explicit within the knowledge of every employee in ‘Sao Mai’ that creates a pressure on the workforce to perform better. Vertical/ Hierarchical Based Power In case of urgencies, Mr. Tam Nguyen possesses the authoritative rights to approve certain changes in the blueprints of the construction projects to satisfy the cus tomers’ demands. He believes that maintenance of long term relationship with the clients is crucial as customers are the fundamental elements of any organization. Once, a client wished to make certain changes in the blueprint of the house. He wanted to elevate the designs of the roofs of the window and the door at a reasonable cost. This was likely to hinder the quality of the project causing safety issues. The proposal was approved so to retain a good relationship with

Mental Disorder and crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Mental Disorder and crime - Essay Example If they are too broad they may result in unnecessary intervention’ (Wilson, 1995 as quoted in Healthcare Education Services, 2006). This quote from Wilson suggests the complications that mental health carers and the courts have when they attempt to apply a definition to mental illness. There is a distinction made between mental health and mental disorder. According to Healthcare Education Services (2006) mental health and mental illness have often been used interchangeably as 'mental health refers to thoughts, feelings, and actions of the individual, all aspects of life, including social, physical, spiritual and emotional, affect it' (p. 6). The term mental disorder implies that he person has a mental illness and also has some sort of disability and has often been used as a legal definition for a variety of mental illnesses. The Department of Health (2004) defines mental disorder as ‘an impairment of, or a disturbance in, the functioning of the mind or brain resulting fr om any disability or disorder of the mind or brain’ (p.3). This definition was refined from the original bill that was drafted in 1983 and said that mental disorder was, ‘†¦mental disorder means mental illness, arrested or incomplete development of mind, psychopathic disorder and any other disorder or disability of the mind’ (as quoted in Healthcare Education Services, 2006, p. 7). ... This definition will cover a variety of mental disorders and it can be relevant to the individual's fitness to plead guilty or not guilty, their sentencing or disposal, or the decision for the prosecutor to divert the sentence or prosecute the individual (The Crown Prosecution Service, 2010). This is the definition will be the one used for this paper because it is the one that comes from the courts. Definition of Crime The definition of crime is complex because its definition will relate to the individual's offense. Sammon (n.d.) states that the word crime is difficult to define because it covers a variety of acts that have nothing in common necessarily except that they are punishable by law if they are carried out by an individual. The easiest definition comes from the Oxford Dictionary (2011) which describes crime as a noun and defines it as 'an action or omission which constitutes offence and is punishable by law'. A crime can be anything from shoplifting to murder. Each offence h as its own definition in the court system. This is a simple definition and will be used in this paper to refer to generic crimes. Crime and General Mental Disorders The challenge for both of these definitions is the fact that everything about them is dependent on the circumstances in each situation. Many people believe that a defence that states that an individual who has a mental disorder should be excused for committing a crime because at the time of the crime, they had a mental breakdown due to a mental disorder. However, the empirical evidence does not support this idea. Sirotich (2008) reviewed several studies about crime and violence to see whether there is a correlation with mental illness. He found that most of the literature suggests that the best

The artistic relationship between Edgar Degas and Mary Cassatt Essay - 1

The artistic relationship between Edgar Degas and Mary Cassatt - Essay Example It was due to her burning passion for art that prompted her to persuade her father to allow her to go to Europe and start her painting career. It was during one of his visits to the salon that Degas saw a painting by Cassatt. Later when they met, he introduced her to the group of artists called The French Impressionists. From this point, an artistic as well as a personal relationship developed between the two artists. Various critics and observers as well as close friends point out that Cassatt’s work was an inspiration of Degas, while Degas relied on her for postures and critics1. To find out the relationship between the two artists, this paper will analyze some of the works by the two artists as well as critic’s thoughts and ideas about their relationship. At the start of her career in France, Cassatt greatly admired the works of Degas and several other artists from the impressionists group. She was mostly impressed by the modernity and the colorfulness of the picture . The freedom and independence in which the artists did their painting captivated her. When their relationship flourished, Degas helped her not only adopt the fresh colors that were central to the new impressionism, but also the light effects that created the picture of modernity paintings. Moreover, Degas’s use of Japanese woodcuts and etchings molded Cassatt to a great printmaker as she constantly borrowed the art from him, making her an equal innovator just like him. Although Degas was classified as an impressionist, he never adopted the color fleck characterized by the impressionists. Instead, he was a classical artist, who was inspected by the wars and their tombs, which he expressed through paintings. On her part, Cassatt’s work was a blend of modernity and classics, especially the manner in which she looked at things, passionately and with compassion2. The impressionists were a group of artists who used color and light to paint that saw the revolution of the mod ern form of painting among the people, a departure from the traditional way of painting. Initially, it was developed by artists from Paris who did not embrace the idea of following painting standards set by the government. They did not have to present their work to the salon in front of a judge who would determine whether they met the standards or not3. Mostly, they painted about modernity and the issues facing the society around them, without the usual allure of traditionalism in the paintings. Critics point out that before she met these artists, Cassatt was experiencing a hard time with her painting career as she used to express it openly. Two of her paintings had been rejected by the judge, which left her devastated and desperate. In what appeared to have been the revolution of her career was her meeting with Degas. She acknowledged that she felt alive when she made the discovery of the impressionists. The two artists were drawn closer by similar ideologies that they shared, espe cially their resentment for the salon and love for modern paintings. The sharing of a common artistic sensibilities and interests by the two artists propelled the growth and development of their working relationship that lasted for forty years. They both shared a similar background, as they all came from upper-class of the rich. Due to this, their works portrayed a form of resemblance and similarity in their thinking and settings. In addition to paintings of each other, some of which

Mental Disorder and crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Mental Disorder and crime - Essay Example If they are too broad they may result in unnecessary intervention’ (Wilson, 1995 as quoted in Healthcare Education Services, 2006). This quote from Wilson suggests the complications that mental health carers and the courts have when they attempt to apply a definition to mental illness. There is a distinction made between mental health and mental disorder. According to Healthcare Education Services (2006) mental health and mental illness have often been used interchangeably as 'mental health refers to thoughts, feelings, and actions of the individual, all aspects of life, including social, physical, spiritual and emotional, affect it' (p. 6). The term mental disorder implies that he person has a mental illness and also has some sort of disability and has often been used as a legal definition for a variety of mental illnesses. The Department of Health (2004) defines mental disorder as ‘an impairment of, or a disturbance in, the functioning of the mind or brain resulting fr om any disability or disorder of the mind or brain’ (p.3). This definition was refined from the original bill that was drafted in 1983 and said that mental disorder was, ‘†¦mental disorder means mental illness, arrested or incomplete development of mind, psychopathic disorder and any other disorder or disability of the mind’ (as quoted in Healthcare Education Services, 2006, p. 7). ... This definition will cover a variety of mental disorders and it can be relevant to the individual's fitness to plead guilty or not guilty, their sentencing or disposal, or the decision for the prosecutor to divert the sentence or prosecute the individual (The Crown Prosecution Service, 2010). This is the definition will be the one used for this paper because it is the one that comes from the courts. Definition of Crime The definition of crime is complex because its definition will relate to the individual's offense. Sammon (n.d.) states that the word crime is difficult to define because it covers a variety of acts that have nothing in common necessarily except that they are punishable by law if they are carried out by an individual. The easiest definition comes from the Oxford Dictionary (2011) which describes crime as a noun and defines it as 'an action or omission which constitutes offence and is punishable by law'. A crime can be anything from shoplifting to murder. Each offence h as its own definition in the court system. This is a simple definition and will be used in this paper to refer to generic crimes. Crime and General Mental Disorders The challenge for both of these definitions is the fact that everything about them is dependent on the circumstances in each situation. Many people believe that a defence that states that an individual who has a mental disorder should be excused for committing a crime because at the time of the crime, they had a mental breakdown due to a mental disorder. However, the empirical evidence does not support this idea. Sirotich (2008) reviewed several studies about crime and violence to see whether there is a correlation with mental illness. He found that most of the literature suggests that the best

Discuss the 'politics' of Doctor Who Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Discuss the 'politics' of Doctor Who - Essay Example This essay will examine these three articles. Discussion In the article â€Å"War Without End? Utopia, the Family and Post-9/11 World in Russell T. Davies Doctor Who,† author Alec Charles (2008) explains how Dr. Who responds to the contemporary world. One of the major events of the 21st Century was 9/11, and Doctor Who is reflective of this event. In fact, the 9/11 tragedy has been reflected in popular culture, including movies such as The Day After Tomorrow, Cloverfield, I Am Legend, and War of the Worlds. All of these films feature the destruction of New York City as their motif. This has been a trend that has always been popular, explains Charles (2008), as media science fiction has always tried to not only reflect popular trends, but to predict new ones. To be on the cutting edge of a trend, so to speak, while also reflecting what has gone before. As an example of this, Charles (2008) points to Star Trek: The Next Generation, which featured a peace achievement between the Federation and the Klingons’ Evil Empire, which was reflective of the peace that was to occur between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world, at the end of the Cold War. These are a few of the examples of science fiction echoing real life, and commenting upon the political issues of the day, while looking to the future to political issues of tomorrow. It is in this context that Charles (2008) locates Doctor Who. Specifically, the new incarnation of Doctor Who is modern, where the previous version was archaic. The previous version, which ran from 1963-1989, featured an older actor playing the titular role, and the series became outmoded by the end of its run. In the new version, the titular hero is played by a younger man in a leather coat, who shares a kiss with a bisexual male companion, stirring up controversy and locating the series squarely in the 21st Century. This is not the only touch that brings it up to date. The show also features pop cultural references  œ game shows, reality TV, soap opera, news, music and politics – which puts the individual into a historical context, in that the history that is being referenced is recent history. In fact, the show also exemplifies the axiom put forth by the head show writer, Russell Davies, who believes that there it not â€Å"history, there’s just people† (p. 453). Charles (2008) states that this contextualizes Doctor Who, while putting the titular character into the New World Order. Davies has made the show contemporary by not only featuring modern storylines, a modern character, and modern popular culture relics, but also features modern political concerns. This is what ties the show to the post 9/11 culture. It is a feature of the post 9/11 culture that there is, or was, a concern regarding chemical weapons that might be used against citizens of the West. To this end, Doctor Who has featured direct storylines that echo this concern about chemical weapons, as well as our c oncern regarding internment tactics. These are not the only allusions to popular and current events. Other references concern whether America is at war with Europe – In â€Å"Voyage of the Damned†

Reflective Portfolio: Self-Evaluation Report

Reflective Portfolio: Self-Evaluation Report Executive summarize In this self evaluating report the main task is to evaluate the progress achieved during this term and to determinate in which skills I need to work the most to make an improvement. It is mainly base on my personal skills development and theories learned during the seminars and lectures, I will do an analysis of my strengths and weaknesses, for that I am doing a SWOT analysis, a future skills development program and how I am going to achieved it, As supporting evidence I am going to attach in-class works and exercises done through out the semester. Introduction During the term I have had the opportunity to improve and learned interpersonal skills that are essential for what managers are looking now days in graduate students. For this self analysis report I have chosen the skills that I think are the ones I have improve the most and the ones in which I need to work more, these are: Strengths; Good communication and writing skills and good group working skills Weaknesses; Bad time management and poor knowledge in the use of IT Opportunities; Improve my leadership skills in group works, my time management, career management and my IT knowledge Threats: Having difficulties with my communication or writing skills because English is my second language, have disagreements with group members Learning reflection throughout the term and skills performance Throughout the term and especially at this module I have been encouraged by my seminars leaders to improve my interpersonal skills by doing many different activities. I feel that the skills that I have improved the most are my communication, writing skills and my group working skills. Communication skills I believe this skill is one of the most important skills that a person need to have in todays employability market because this is the principal method we use to communicate with each other, Talking and Listening are consider as essential interpersonal skills that graduates should have according to QAA key skill list [2009]. I have improve this skill through out the term by doing presentations at the different course modules, for example the ICT presentation, where me and my partner were asked to advised a small company if it was convenient for them to put their business online and we had to give a formal presentation in front of the class, in other modules such as Theory and practice of business we are going to have a group presentation about our result on our fancy share portfolio and at Interpersonal skills for business module we had to do a group presentation about an activity that was called ISLAND ESCAPE: ISLAND SURVEY were we were asked to convinced the audience or ISLAND SURVIVERS that our island was the best choice for coming to live at. Writing skills This is another point in which I have improved since I started the term. The main reasons for my personal improvement I think are; the reports and course works I have had to write for the different modules, for example the Electronic portfolio, for interpersonal skills and innocent report for theory and practice for business, I have being able to achieve this with the recommendation given throughout the lectures and also with the information that is in the module book [Second edition, Chapter 9] where I could find: The four distinct stages for writing any type of report Types of report Terms of reference Researching and organizing the source material In this skill the main improvements I have made are; learning the difference types of data which are: Source material and Diagramming, according to Saunders et al. (2003), Source material is the data that you will use to support your key points and provide evidence to support your recommendations. And according to Buzan (1995), Diagramming is a useful technique for abstract the main themes from the detailed background information, and also how to do a correct reference and bibliography. Group working Throughout the term I have had the chance to improved my group-work skill at all the modules, this skill is now is being considered as one of the most important factors for business development, as ACAS, [April, 2003] has point out To remain competitive organizations need to make and optimum use of equipment and people if they are to thrive or even surviveIn general sense people talk of team work when they want to emphasize the virtues of co-operation and the need to make use of the various strengths of employees. This skill was mainly develop at this module throughout different activities for example, the ISLAND ESCAPE, and the BOARD GAME and the NASA exercise. At other modules we also had the opportunity to improve our group-work skills for example the theory and practice SHARE PORTFOLIO was done in groups of 5 to 6 people and all the group members had to decide how we were going to invest the money, in this activity many people had disagreements and some times it delay the entire group performance, one analysis we learned in the lecture and that is used to analyze the group behavior according to their results is the Interaction analysis it was develop from the work of Bales, [1950] and the principle of this analysis is to describe the group process and indications of factors influencing the process of it. The main thing that make all of us improved in our group work skill at this module was that we did not have the chance to choose our groups so for every different activity we had to work with different people and that make us have to take different roles at each group-activity, according to Belbin, [1981], Groups that are composed by entirely of cleaver people, or of people with similar personalities, display a number of negatives results and lack of creativity, in general group working make us improve our communication skill with other people because we had to expressed our ideas and also listen to others peoples ideas, some studies have demonstrate that there are five main types of communication networks between group members which are; Wheel, Circle, All-channel, Y and Chain, this researches was done by Bavelas, [1951] and studied by Leavitt. [1958]. Time management This skill is not one of the strongest skill that I have but I have being working on to improved it for example I did the time management action plan, were I was able to find were I loss most of my time and what unnecessary activities I did during the day, and since then I have being able to organize better my time and give it a better used, one positive thing I have manage to do is that throughout the semester I have not miss any death. IT skills For me this is one of the skills in which I need to work the most because in this century everybody needs to know how to used and work with IT, also a large amount of work places this days requires you have IT knowledge for qualifying for the job, also as Belbin, [1951] said in her theory about Team roles there are some roles that are different from the nine-roles key roles she that where needed in a team she called them Functional Roles because for these roles members are chosen for their experience and specialize knowledge, one example is IT knowledge. For improving on this skill I received lectures and seminars about the correct used of excel, power point and even word in the ICT module, also using blackboard and submitting works through it had make me feel more comfortable with the use of computer programs and electronic academic tools. Leadership skills During the activities that we did during the term we had the opportunity to developed our leadership skills when working in groups, as we learned at the lectures and seminars there are a lot of different types of leadership, according to the Managerial Grid Questionnaire that we did in at the seminar my leadership style is Team Leader, Black Mouton (1964). Being a leader for me is not only to make other people do what I said, is to earn their respect, in other words is that the people must accepted; the other persons ideas or what he is offering and voluntarily decided to follow him as his leader. According to the module book there are two different approaches for the study of leadership; one is the Descriptive approach and the second one Functional approach, [Module book, unknown author, page 251], the Descriptive approach focus on whether a leader is a special type of person or whether there is a most appropriate style for a leader to adopt and the Functional approach according to Bower and Seahores, (1966), Leadership is behavior that results in a difference in the behaviors of others. One theory that is being used for leadership training in the Industrial society, (Module book, page 252), is the Action-centred theory of leadership, John Adair [1984] It consists in three sets of interrelated needs, that increase the three functions a leader must have; The task related function The team related function The individually oriented function As a result it recognizes how these three areas affect each others in terms of group performance. In management most of the times leaders are not choose by the people it normally is someone that posses a higher rank in the organization, this is known as a Headship who is someone that has a formal authority over its subordinates, [Module book, page 254], according to Kotter, [1990], Is far more realistic to regard management and leadership as two complementary activities, each one having its own unique function. During the group activities we did during the term we were able to find that all of has different types of leaders each one with its own characteristic, positive and negative aspects, our leadership types are based on Lewin et al. [1939],study that divided them in three categories: Autocratic leader Democratic leader Laissez-faire leader Conclusion During my time at the University of Westminster I have had the chance to develop and improve my interpersonal skills, knowing that now days this skills are what employers are looking for when they are planning to hire someone makes me think about the importance of develop, learn and practice those skills more. Interpersonal skills are really useful not only for business practice bur also for every day activity. We do not realize how often we use these skills in our daily life and how helpful they can be if we applied them well, for example time management it would help us to improve it and decrease the amount of time we waste, another skill that is very necessary in any kind of situation is communication skill, because we are always needing to express our thought or ideas to other people and if we do not know how to expressed our self correctly, specially when you are giving a first impression to an audience or to a person you are not going to be able to delivered our message correctly and the receiver of our message will not be able to understand what we are trying to said. Other skills such as leadership and team working are essential when working as member of a group, because if you do not know how to manage different situation the final work result is going to be very poor, and also these skills are very important for employers because they want someone that is able to adapt in different groups and that is able to perform different roles in those groups. Specialized skills such as IT or essential skills such as writing skills are also very important, specialized skills gives you more opportunities when searching for a job and essential skills are important because those are the skills that managers are looking for in their future employees. Recommendations There are some skills that I have already mention before but I considered that I have the opportunity to work more on them and be able to improve these essential skills which are: Management As I already said time management and particularly punctuality is something I feel I need to improve because is one of the first impressions that you give to a person, as Goffman, [1959], said on in his self presentation theory, and particular on first impressions, The opening impression we give is not just and impression of what kind of person we are, it also conveys our definition of the situation Each individual entering a conversation projects by dress, manner, and opening remarks proposal for what the basis of the interaction shall be, for example arriving late for a business meeting will probably make you loose the job or at least loosing the appointment, for that I would have to focus more in the starting hour of the activity and planned better my time so in that way I will arrive on time, specially to my lectures and seminars. Planning my career path is another area in which I have to work because as I am not sure what I am going to do after I graduate, until now I have decided to do an internal transfer from business management to a combined degree of Economics and socio legal studies. I will manage to decide during the two years that I have left which path I am going to follow after getting my degree and where I will continue my studies. IT knowledge The best way to improved in this area is by taking modules that are related with it, for example next semester I am taking a module call essential data analysis and by doing home study and personal researches. For succeeding on my future plans development I not only have to improved the areas in which I have the opportunity to do it but also I need to pay attention to external factors that might delay my improvements, which could be: English as a second language As English is not my first language I think these might become a problem when writing reports or essays and when doing oral presentations it might not go along well because I might not know how to express some idea, but I think as I get more English practice this will not be a problem. Group disagreements When working on groups sometimes you might have the opportunity to work with people that you get along with but some other times you might find yourself in a group that does not work well together or everybody is trying to get individual recognition so at the end the result will be unsuccessful, I think the way to improve this is by focus on the work, and leave individual problems outside the group, also by to developing our own personal type of leadership according to the different theories we have learned is going to ne easier to everyone to adapt to different groups and become a member of it.

Sense of Lost Love :: essays papers

Sense of Lost Love Love bears all the happiness and all the pain; true satisfaction will come from loving another with all your heart. My mother always told me to remember that because that to her creates and embodies the genuine essence of life. Those words still echo through my head like ringing chime bells lost in the mist. She never hurt another soul, nobody as kind as she. Then she left me that night, no word of good bye or any wave, or hug. Nights after that I cry myself to sleep, the anguish so harsh, the wound etched so deep. I thought my heart could never feel the love that I felt for my mother. Days go by and I learn to cope with life without her loving presence, her words so sweet and wise. Her spirit never dwarfed by the agony that plagued her. I am sure she never wanted to leave me, yet another call beckoned her. My heart cracked and slowly died when she left, still so much distress in my heart. Then you came into my life; you brightened the darkest parts of my soul. You shared with me your love and your heart. You tended my broken heart and mended my empty soul. One child of glory you gave to me, a bundle of joy and tears. The happiest days of my life I spent with you, never believing that you would leave me like my mother. Now I see you there my love, my angel, my spirit, there you lay breathing heavily agonizing in so much pain. How could you even dare try to leave me? My heart starts the trek to pain again, the suffering and the torture will never abate. I know you must leave me, you think for Richard, our son. Think not of his pain for I will comfort him and help him through that torment.

Disability Worldwide Essay -- Health, Diseases

INTRODUCTION When a person is growing inside of the womb, he or she automatically possess unique gifts or talents that could potentially change the way of life. Blessed with all their beautiful bodily features that operate towards perfection, love and acceptance from their families, peer groups, and communities surround them. They gain respect as individuals and can make their own decisions in life. However, that is not the case with all people. Some were born with one or no limbs, and they cannot function properly without assistance. Others with brain abnormalities, body disfigurement, and etcetera. Instead of earning respect from their community, they are targets for alienation, abuse, and social stigmatization. Disability is something they cannot rid themselves of: It is a part of them. The main goal of the disabled is for their communities to accept them as â€Å"unique individuals.† DEFINITION OF DISABILITY Disability is best defined as a â€Å"state of being disabled; deprivation or want of ability; absence of competent physical, intellectual, or moral power, means, fitness, and the like† (Webster Multilingual Dictionary, 2006). Not all disabilities resulted in birth; accidents or illnesses are one of the other reasons. LEVETICUS 21:17-23: BIBLICAL CONCEPT How does the bible interpret disability? In one passage referred to as ‘†Leviticus,† the Lord spoke: â€Å"Speak to Aaron, saying: No man of your descendants in succeeding generations, who has any defect, may approach to offer the bread of his God. For any man who has a defect shall not approach: a man blind or lame, who has a marred face or broken hand, or is hunchback or a dwarf, or a man who has a defect in his eye, or eczema or scab is an eunuch. No descendant of ... ...m from the center because they felt that it was not of use to him and his mother was home from the hospital to care for him. Nick told the staff that he spends the majority of his time in the bedroom and is carried upstairs without his wheelchair. His social worker has made many attempts to see Nick, but to no avail. Although the social worker and staff show great concern over Nick’s welfare, there was nothing they could do to assist him because he was no longer a minor and he had to be the one to make a complaint about his care or request alternative living arrangements. Despite the rules and regulations, some were meant to be broken in cases like this. It was as if the agency turned a blind eye to the situation or could not go beyond their job description. If the organizations, agencies, or families could or would not assist them, where else can they turn to?

The Wife of Bath

Madison Roan English 2332-CO1 Professor Heaslip Nov 18, 2012 Week 12 Alyson undoubtedly was a self-assured woman in the pilgrim expedition and her numerous marriages and declaring how she dealt with her husbands through sexual influence and trickery. However, I believe that Alyson perhaps was a realistic character of metropolitan woman with certain prosperity in the medieval England. I consider that Chaucer was justly attempting to define Alyson realistically and founded her on what he saw of actual women with her qualities in the London during his time.Alyson is what woman truly wants to be, however; don’t convey their true feelings. The Wife of Bath contradicts with everything a woman was back then. I believe that similar the additional characters in the Canterbury Tales, The Wife of Bath was intended to display how culture actually was through irony and drama. The Wife of Bath's Tale is voiced from a woman's position. She demonstrates in her story that the entity women most yearn is whole control over their husbands.It is said how she had the greater influence in all of her marriages. The Wife of Bath tells a tale of love, passion and enchantment. The Knight's Tale flawlessly portrays the character of a Knight: That is, he chooses love, righteousness, chivalry, and exploration. His story spoke of two cousins and brothers, who were embodied by the desire of one woman, Emily. They are both different when it comes to the women of the tales over the overall point of the stories are the same; love, passion and magic. Read also: â€Å"My Ideal Wife†

Dickens reveals Essay

Dickens reveals the extent of Pips moral decline when Joe comes to see him: Pip is far more arrogant and condescending. He hires a servant to announce Joe’s coming and dress himself up as well. He greets Joe with â€Å"Joe, how are you Joe? † very haughtily because Joe repeats it as Pip said it – â€Å"Pip, how AIR you Pip? † Joe is completely thrown and does not know how to react to the furnishings, decor, clothes and aura that Pip obviously thinks a gentleman should have. Pip regards Joe’s table manners with great disdain and embarrassment in front of Herbert as Joe â€Å"sat so far from the table, and dropped so much more than he ate, and pretended that he hadn’t dropped it† Dickens is showing how egotistical Pip has become because it wasn’t so long ago that he had exactly the same manners. Pip feels â€Å"impatient of him and out of temper with him. † Joe also notices Pip’s change and is aware of the gulf that is growing between them, Joe knows he’s â€Å"wrong in these clothes†¦ out of the forge†¦ the kitchen, or of th’marshes. † Joe doesn’t belong in Pip’s clothes in the same way that Pip doesn’t belong in his old world. By this time Pip is at the height of his self-important, arrogant, smug life. In Chapter 34 Dickens presents the start of Pip’s gradual moral recovery, although this is slow to begin as Pip and Herbert join the Finches of the Grove, a very expensive gentleman’s club who dined luxuriously and â€Å"spent a lot of money as we could, and got as little for it as people could make their minds up to give us†. They had no purpose apart from self gratification. Pip finally understands as he gets more and more into debt the effect this is having on Herbert: â€Å"My lavish habits led his easy nature into expenses he could not afford, corrupted the simplicity of his life and disturbed his peace with anxieties and regrets† As Pip grows accustomed to his great expectations he’s not comfortable and battles with his conscience over actions and feelings towards Joe and Biddy; he becomes wistful for his old life and thinks: â€Å"With a weariness on my spirit, that if I should have been happier and better if I had never seen Miss Havisham’s face, and had risen to manhood content to be partners with Joe in the honest old forge† He yearns for the forge fire instead of his fire in his gentlemanly residence, and wants Joe and his old life back although does little to achieve this. In contrast Dickens himself did not inherit his wealth but publicly strived and worked hard to achieve his goals, in fact one of the factors of his death was over working and so possibly didn’t approve of the idle rich’s lavish lives and spending. Dickens uses Magwitch’s revelation and Pip’s reaction to show Pip’s moral degeneration. When Pip first discovers that his benefactor is not Miss Havisham but Magwitch the convict he is aghast, he â€Å"seemed to be suffocating† such was the â€Å"abhorrence† of him and â€Å"the repugnance with which I shrank from him. † Pip has to swallow the bitter pill that his rise to the status of gentleman was caused by someone so low in society, and that cost him his relationship with Joe. He feels guilty and full of shame, but maybe if Pip was less concerned about his social status he would have been more sympathetic to the habits and needs of Magwitch. However, the convict holds power over Pip because Magwitch is his benefactor, its Magwitch’s money that has funded Pip’s life of comfort and luxury and Pip has become totally dependant on that money and in turn on the convict: â€Å"I began fully to know how wrecked I was, and how the ship in which I sailed was gone to pieces. † In Pip’s conversation with Herbert, following the revelation by Magwitch, Pip displays the growing awareness of his failings: â€Å"I am heavily in debt, very heavily for me, who have now no expectations and I have been bred to no calling, and I am fit for nothing. † Pip’s attitude now changes to Miss Havisham when he learns that she is no longer his benefactor and that she has hurt him on purpose in her attempt to antagonise her relatives. He becomes direct in talking to Miss Havisham and wants to know the truth and is quite confrontational – â€Å"when I fell into the mistake I have so long remained in, at least you led me on? † He questions Miss Havisham pushing her to admit that she deceived him and we now see that he is willing to stand up for what he believes and not be just a passive victim. Estella reports to him that she will be married to Drummle, Pip’s enemy, and at first he is grief-stricken but then he becomes earnest and selfless (the moral qualities of a gentleman) putting her happiness before his own, and pleading with her that she marry someone worthy of her, but not Drummle. Finally he blessed her in which ever path she takes and this is very thoughtful and generous of him, he asks her â€Å"don’t take him, and I can bear it better, for your sake. † Pip discovers that Molly is Estella’s mother and Magwitch is he father so it is ironic that her background is very similar in status to the life he was tempted away from. Despite the breeding of Estella and Miss Havisham they both chose in Drummle and Compeyson to marry men with none of the moral qualities that a gentleman should have. Pip is so concerned for Magwitch that he and his companions put together an escape plan, Pip’s willingness to do anything to save his friend who has â€Å"changed and softened† as much as Pip has is very clear and yet another attribute of a gentleman that Pip has gained. The reality of their situation is very obvious to Pip and â€Å"I thought of the night of his return when our places were reversed, and when I little supposed my heart could ever be as heavy and anxious at parting from him as it was now† All Pip’s repugnance of Magwitch has gone and in its place is love, care and compassion for a friend and father figure, virtues not apparent when Pip was rich with wealth but not morals. He stays with Magwitch after they are caught instead of trying to separate himself from the criminal character which used to disturb him so much at the height of his expectations. â€Å"In holding the hand that he stretched forth to me†, despite Magwitch’s request for Pip to disassociate with him at the trial, Pip shows his true morals by vowing to stay by his side. Pip publicly displays his support to his friend and doesn’t care who sees it or who doesn’t; all that matters to him is Magwitch. While caring for the sick convict in prison Pip waits out side before visiting hours and is allowed, by the guards, to stay after hours with Magwitch, which shows that event the guards who don’t know Pip, are touched by his behaviour. After Magwitch’s death Pip falls ill from the stress and Dickens uses the imagery of the fever burning away any snobbery and negative areas of gentlemanliness that hasn’t been removed already; this is a real push forward in Pips moral recuperation. He refers to Joe, who is caring for him, as â€Å"a gentle Christian man† and this implies what Dickens thought a gentleman should be: a man with Christian standards and morals at his centre. Pip is so overwhelmed by Joe’s kindness and feeling that he doesn’t deserve to have it, he demands that Joe: â€Å"look angry at me. Strike me, Joe, tell me of my ingratitude. Don’t be so good to me. † When Pip is well again he travels back to the marshes to marry Biddy, but he finds Joe and Biddy happy on their wedding day. He is happy for them instead of angry or depressed and is relieved that he never mentioned proposing to Biddy to Joe. Dickens uses Pip’s reaction to Joe and Biddy’s wedding day to portray the extent of Pip’s moral growth. This further reinforced Pip’s selflessness and there fore even more personal moral improvement. In my opinion Dickens wanted to Pip to continue moving forwards with and his new life with Herbert, his job in the east instead of moving backwards to the marshes and forge after his hard-learnt transition. At the end of the novel Pip has a new sense of purpose in his new life with Herbert and a new job, his values now are genuine and honest. When Pip comes back to the forge eleven years on he finds that Joe and Biddy have had a son who is called Pip after him, underlining that Pip has turned onto a well respected gentleman in the moral sense. Big Pip takes Little Pip to the church yard and this is exactly the same turn of events that Big Pip experienced all those years ago. It symbolises a new beginning for Little Pip and that Big Pip will take the place of Magwitch as a guardian angel and second father to Little Pip just like Magwitch was to him. It is ironic that at the start of the novel that Pip was repulsed by the convict but now at the end of the novel he loves him and is taking on Magwitch’s role and persona. Dickens again presents the image of Satis house has being torn down to symbolise the end of Pips moral diversity. Dickens uses the ivy as a symbol of Pip’s new start in the east and his reassessed morals. Like the ivy, Pip â€Å"had struck root anew and was growing green on low quiet mounds of ruin† Another new beginning is Pip being reunited with Estella, in the previous era she was untouchable even with Pip’s money and luxurious life, but now Estella has understood that being a gentleman is not all about money but about the good morals and experience that Pip has developed through out the novel. I feel that at the end Pip is a real gentleman, but in today’s standards, he values love, friendship, sincerity and kindness more than social status, he is living a life of his own making and that he earns honestly. He was only a gentleman in Victorian, upper-class eyes when he had great wealth and expensive habits and didn’t necessarily have any standards. This gives us an indication that although Dickens was a Victorian he thought that a gentleman should be like the later Pip and he presents and demonstrates this view by the way he presents Pip’s moral development during the novel in the relations between Pip, Joe, and Magwitch.