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She has taught us everything we need to be a great researcher including being creative, thinking deeply, and the skills for presenting ideas and writing papers. She is also always approachable, nice, polite, and considerate. She is a perfect role model and we have learned so much from her. Also, we would like to thank our parents for their love and support for our entire life. Last but not least, we would like to thank God, for creating this beautiful universe and giving me this wonderful life.Dedication This research papers, our dedicated to subject professor Ma'am Lea Jason she never failed to guide us, to our family who supports me and my classmates in everything, to my friends who helped me finished this project, to the students know about what adolescence is, how affects one's health, ways to treat it and how to treat the adolescence and most of all to God who gives me and my mates strength and good health while doing this. To all of the adolescence who are in this stage, so tha t they will know how that no matter adolescence are in today, and the ways that adolescence has in the past.I dedicate this research because I want them to know that adolescence can be treated with other and easy way and how they prevent them in this stage. Table of Contents . PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction a. B. State of the Problem Significance of the Study d. Methods and Sources of Data Scope and Delimitation of the Study. E. Definition of Terms Conceptual Frameworks g. II. Summary of Data A Definition B History C Kinds D Benefits Ill. Survey and Questionnaires Profile Background Parents Answers IV. Conclusion V. Appendices A. Outline B. Copy of Questionnaires VI.Bibliography l. Problem and its Background A. Introduction Adolescents is the time where we experience the difference changes or stage that occur in the period of puberty to legal adult hood. All of us experience this period of our live . There a many factors that affect in social changes it is characterized by hysterical environment, population changes, isolation and contact, attitudes and values and technological factors. Adolescents is period where we experience many problems or trials . We develop many skills and talent in this period . It is also the time of maturity. B.Statement of the problem This research was conducted to answer the following question. 1. Specific Problem What is adolescence? B. What are the different kind stage of development? . What are the ages of adolescence? What are the age of adolescence? 2. Major problem a) What are the social changes occur in the brains of adolescents today? C. Significance of the Study This study will benefit the following people. 1 . Student. 2. Parents. 3. Teacher. 4. They will know what are the problem will occur in their life. They will understand why some adolescence were depressed and sad.They will understand whither students sometimes are absent minded. Society. They can be aware to the adolescence and control or avoid the differen t problems. D. Methods and Sources of Data This research was conducted by finding and collecting information by following source. Library to the guide and help our research and give some information. Online Wisped , dictionary, books and module in the Internet. E. Scope Delimitation o f the Study This study focused on the opinion of the students regarding the effects of the different kind of problems. The researchers interviewed new and old students about the problems of adolescence.G. Definition of Terms 1 . Puberty. Is process of physical changes by which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilization. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads; the ovaries in a girl, the testes in a boy. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that template libido and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, bones, muscle, blood, skin, hair, breasts, and sexual organs. 2. Maturity. In psychology, maturity is the ability to respond to the environment in an appropriate manner.This response is generally learned rather than instinctive. Maturity also encompasses being aware of the correct time and place to behave and knowing when to act appropriately, according to the circumstances and the culture of the society one lives in. [l] Adult development and maturity theories include the purpose in life concept, in which maturity emphasizes a clear comprehension of life's repose, directness, and intentionality which, contributes to the feeling that life is meaningful. 3. Attitude. Is an expression of favor or disavow toward a person, place, thing, or event (the attitude object). . Isolation. Solitude, a state of seclusion or isolation, I. E. , lack of contact with people. 5. Adulthood. The period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years. G. Conceptual Framework Adolescence A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, most importantly from the areas of psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology.Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of multiple transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment, as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another. A. Definition Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human placement that generally occurs during the performed puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). This is the process of developing from a child into an adult..Adolescence is a time of many transitions for both teens and their families. B. History Although the first u se of the word â€Å"adolescence† appeared in the 1 5th century and came from the Latin word â€Å"adolescence,† which meant â€Å"to grow up or to grow into maturity' (Learner & Steinberg, 2009, p. L), it wasn't until 1904 that the first president of the American Psychological Association, G. Stanley Hall, was credited with discovering adolescence (Henning, 2010, p. 4). In his study entitled â€Å"Adolescence,† he described this new developmental phase that came about due to social changes at the turn of the 20th century.Because of the influence of Child Labor Laws and universal education, youth had newfound time in their teenage years when the responsibilities of adulthood were not forced upon them as quickly as in the past. Hall did not have a very positive view of this phase, and he believed that society needed to â€Å"burn out the vestiges of evil in their nature† (G. Stanley Hall, 2010). Therefore, adolescence was a time of overcoming one's beast- like impulses as one was engulfed in a period of storm and stress† (Learner &lsraeloff, 2005, p. 4). He identified three key aspects of this phase: mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and risky behavior.Other work appearing in the late asses through the asses in Europe and America helped adolescence emerge as a field of study (important earlier work by Freud, Pigged, Moscow, and Goldberg also addressed stages of development). In BEEP, we were interested in how the work of Erik Erikson related to our work and how it articulated what we knew. Erikson (1959, up. 251-263) described the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Erikson looked at life in eight stages. We felt that our age group of 13-23 year-olds actually struggled with the following three stages: Psychosocial Stage 4 – Industry vs..Inferiority, age 5-11. Main Question: Am I successful or not? Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments an d abilities. BEEP focus: Competence. Psychosocial Stage 5 – Identity vs.. Confusion, age 12-19. Main Question: Who am I and where am I going? During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self. Identity formation can take a long time and can lead to an â€Å"Identity Crisis† BEEP focus: Identity. Psychosocial Stage 6 – Intimacy vs.. Isolation, age 20-35. Main Questions: Am I loved and wanted?Should I share my life with someone or live alone? This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships. BEEP focus: Connections. In the chapter â€Å"Developing the BEEP Framework† you will see how these areas of focus contribute directly to building our framework. In 1962, Peter Blobs published a book titled On Adolescence. BIOS, a German-born American child psychoanalyst, was known as Mr.. Adolescence as a result of his research into the problems of teens. His theories described t he conflicts men's have between wanting to break free of their parents and desiring to remain dependent.He popularized the notion that there were two individuation stages in human development. The first occurs when one is a toddler, and the second takes place when one is an adolescent and is finally able to shed family dependencies. Since maturity depends on achieving a degree of independence, it is during adolescence that the â€Å"self† develops. The goal is to be independent and to discover and celebrate one's unique attributes as one develops one's distinct potential. (http:// www. Miscalculation's. Org/services/BEEP_History. SP) C. Age Adolescence has a different age.The following are Early Adolescence and Late Adolescence. 1 . Early Adolescence extends roughly from 12/13 to 16/17 years. 2. Late adolescence covers the period from 17 years to 18/19 years, the age of legal maturity. D. Stages Adolescence has different stage of development. 1 . Rapid physical development. I t is a period of vital physical as well as physiological changes and developments. At this stage, all the external and internal body parts and organs achieve their full form and maturity. 2. Rapid mental development. During the early adolescence period, rapid mental placement occurs.These give rise to the need for later mental adjustments and the necessity for establishing new attitudes, values and interests. The adolescent is mentally alert at this stage. He not only develops not only his intellectual power but also his capacity to critical thinking. 3. Rapid social development. It is a period of social development and adjustment. In this stage, the child enters a new field of social responsibilities. The adolescents become socially conscious, self-assertive, and loyal towards their group, they develop co-operation and friendship and become responsible. . Stage of emotional development.Traditionally adolescence has been thought of as a period of heightened emotionality resulting fr om glandular and other changes. The heightening is characterized by high degree of instability. The adolescents also develop dependency and sometime independence. They also develop some special feelings like – pride, humility, curiosity, guilt, hero-worshipping etc. All these emotions must be properly guided and they should be provided knowledge to control their emotions at this stage. 5. Rapid sexual development. A number of internal and external changes take place n the sexual characteristics of the boys and the girls at the adolescence stage.At the later part of this stage they achieve sexual maturity. 6. Rapid moral development. It is also a period of moral development and changes in morality. Their moral outlook becomes progressively more abstract. Moral convictions become more concerned with What is right' and Justice emerge as a dominant moral force. Their moral Judgment becomes less egocentric at this stage. They develop an attitude towards the service to mankind. E. Kind Social changes can be classified as: 1 . Identity. When asked to describe themselves, very young children tend to mention heir possessions (â€Å"l have a red tricycle†) or their appearances (â€Å"l am tall†).By elementary school, children include social group membership (â€Å"l am a Boy Scout†), relationships (â€Å"l am Amelia's friend†), and some psychological traits (â€Å"l am nice†) in their definitions (Lively & Brimley, 1973). By adolescence, descriptions become more complex. Adolescents realize that who they are might change with different settings or relationships (â€Å"l am shy at school but outgoing with my friends†). They also can imagine who they might be (â€Å"l am going to become a better athlete by practicing harder†).Compared to children in middle childhood, adolescents view themselves in terms of what makes them different or unique from their peers, showing that they value their individuality. Adolescents a lso are capable of reflecting on and evaluating themselves, which leads them to believe that they should be able to make their own decisions and create their own set of values. These changes in thinking about the self are tied to the broader issue of developing an identity, which involves the integration of all the different aspects of the self. Adolescents form their identities by trying on different ideas, appearances, behaviors, ND relationships.Adults may sometimes be frustrated by an adolescent who wants to attend a service from a different religion, dress in a nontraditional way, or hang out with a different set of friends. Although adolescents still need adult guidance, this experimentation and exploration of different possibilities of the self are considered essential in forming a healthy identity. Once an identity is established, it can be used to guide the individual's future actions. 2. Autonomy. At one time it was believed that adolescents needed to denunciative from adu lts and to completely separate from adult values to be emotionally healthy.Now researchers realize that a more appropriate goal is for adolescents to become autonomous, gaining ownership over their thoughts and behaviors, but to remain emotionally connected to others (Ryan & Lynch, 1989). Still, adults and adolescents must negotiate the timing and extent of this independence. In his expectancy-violation-realignment model, Collins (1990) suggests that the handing over of authority from adults to adolescents is a gradual process. Both parents and adolescents carry expectancies about how the other should behave (e. G. , an expectation that the adolescent will adhere to a refer).Times of rapid change, such as adolescence, lead to violations of expectations (e. G. , curfew is broken), resulting in conflict. To maintain the relationship (and any hope of influencing the adolescent in the future), the parent and adolescent need to resolve their conflict and realign their behavior (e. G. , a dolescent resolves never to break curfew again) or, more commonly, their expectations (e. G. , a new rule is created, stating that the adolescent must phone for a curfew extension). In this way, the relationship is maintained, and more and more control is gradually languished to the adolescent.Much of the conflict surrounding issues of autonomy concerns rather mundane issues such as hairstyle, clothing, and curfew (Steinberg, 1990). In a study of autonomy, Gamesman (1988) asked adolescents in the 6th, 8th, and 10th grades and their parents to think about 24 hypothetical situations and to decide whether the adolescent or the parent should be in control of the issue. Some of these issues concerned friendship (e. G. , when to see friends, who your friends are), personal matters (e. G. , watching television, choosing clothes), and prudential matters (e. G. Mocking, eating Junk food, drinking), while others concerned moral issues (e. G. , taking someone else's money). Not surprisingly, p arents and adolescents each believed that thoughtful retain control of most of the issues, with adolescents tending to view the issues as a matter of personal choice. However, both parents and adolescents agreed that parents should retain Jurisdiction when the issue was a moral one. So although adolescent striving for autonomy creates conflict within the family, most adolescents retain the values of their family and wish to maintain those relationships (Collins, 1997).In fact, very few adolescents (about 3% of girls and 5%-9% of boys) reject their parents outright (Router, Graham, Chadwick, & Yule, 1976). Instead, parents remain important figures in adolescents' lives and are valued for the aid and advice they provide (Farman & Burmese, 1992). Adolescents' desire for autonomy extends beyond the reach of the family and into the classroom. 3. Peer Relations. In the second decade of life adolescents begin to spend more time with their friends than they do with their parents (Larson, et al. , 1996).Friendships are a source of mutual understanding, intimacy, and commitment. Although friendships can be positive forces in adolescents' lives, adults have expressed concern about the role of peer pressure in adolescent behavior. Research shows that conformity to peers peaks in early to indolence's and is greatly diminished by late adolescence (Burned, 1979). In all stages of adolescence, however, the identity of one's friends influences behaviors (Hart & Stevens, 1997). Adolescents who have delinquent friends are much more likely to participate in delinquent acts than are other adolescents.It seems that delinquent adolescents not only select each other as rinds but also â€Å"train† each other in how to behave delinquently; one of the best predictors of desisting antisocial behavior is parting with friends who also engage in this behavior (Disunion, Andrews, & Crosby, 1995). Alternatively, having a group of friends who value academics may lead an adolescent to im prove his or her academic performance. Dating and romantic relationships have only recently begun to receive attention as important peer relationships in adolescents' lives (Brown, Fearing, Farman, 1999; Collins, 2003).

A Review of A View From The Bridge Essay

A View From The Bridge, a powerful play by Arthur Miller, was staged in the round at the Manchester Royal Exchange. By producing the play in the round, the action could be viewed from all angles which was a more effective way of portraying the story. It also allowed the entire stage to be used without loss of action which allowed the stage to be split into two sections – the street and inside the house. These two portions of the stage were quite obvious, being symbolised by the telephone booth (a key prop later in the play) and the dining room table. That said, other furniture such as Alfieri’s desk, seemed a little unnecessary, especially since it had to be brought in from off stage for each of Alfieri’s scenes. This wasn’t helped by the general lighting in the theatre which could never provide a complete blackout on stage due to the large amounts of windows in the upper seating areas. The stage lighting was fairly simple with neutral ‘general’ lights used for most scenes. This was developed somewhat in important scenes such as Eddie’s death and the lighting was altered (although not significantly) when Alfieri recited his monologues. However sound was used quite effectively in these scenes with the same effect being used to symbolise a change in the setting. Although the play featured very little props, when they were used, they were used to great effect such as the crates being lowered at the beginning or the characters using real food in the dinner scene and then eating it. This also helps instil a sense of realism into the play and helps the audience to relate to the storyline. Throughout the play, tension was slowly but cleverly built up to the final climax. The main character doing this was Eddie whose ever increasing hatred of Rodolpho built up the tension until the all important telephone booth came into play. From there Eddie’s desperation turned to madness and Con O’Neill’s portrayal of Eddie made him seem like something out of a horror film, which only helped to add to the tension. The lighting in the play also helped add to the tension with more menacing and ominous lights used as the play progressed through the second act. All of the characters where depicted beautifully in the play thanks to wonderful acting paired with realistic costumes, which made this play a real delight to watch. The costumes worn by the characters were simple but effective, accurately representing the style of 1940s New York. The costumes also helped contrast the personalities between Eddie and Rodolpho with Eddie’s typical ‘working man’ clothes and Rodolpho in his smart shirts and stylish shoes. The acting was let down somewhat by the voice acting of Catherine (Leila Mimmack) whose accent seem to be very variable, ranging from broad New York to almost full-on Italian. The voices of everyone in else in the play however were superb and really helped to make the play more realistic and believable. In particular Ian Redford did a sterling job, brilliantly portraying Alfieri’s helplessness and narrating the story with exactly the right tone. A moment that really stood out for me was the very last scene in which Eddie is trying to get Marco to give him back his respect. Con O’Neill portrays Eddie’s desperation magnificently and uses every part of his body to make him seem crazy, especially his facial features. The same could also be said about Nitzan Sharron’s character Marco who is so furious with Eddies, he is practically on fire. This scene is a really shocking point in the storyline which was wonderfully acted by all since the scene featured nearly all the cast. The scene was let down somewhat by the over exaggerated and unrealistic death of Eddie Carbone. Even though producing a realistic death scene is hard to do in any play, the way Eddie was stabbed and O’Neill’s acting on his death was a bit disappointing. However this may be due to the fact that the play was performed in the round and so not everyone can experience the death as it was intended. The scene was well rounded off by Alfieri who delivered his consistently good speech which helped end the scene, and the play, extremely well.

MUSIC AS AN EFFECTIVE PLATFORM FOR PROTEST Essay

MUSIC AS AN EFFECTIVE PLATFORM FOR PROTEST - Essay Example Protest Music has always effectively captured the mood of the era and every movement in the US has been accompanied by protest songs whether it was the slave movement, anti-war sentiment or the feminist movement. It is however in the 1960s during the Vietnam War that Protest Music came forward as a major jolt to the government and the public. It was singers such as John Lennon with his ‘Give Peace a Chance’ who created uproar within the music industry and the general public. Their songs became mantras for the public. Later Hip Hop came forward to express the repressed anger of the Black Americans towards the biased attitude of the government towards their race. Hip Hop became so popular that it was warmly accepted by even White Americans who felt for the cause of these people. In this paper, we attempt to understand how music can be an effective platform of protest. Some believe that protest music is nothing more than propaganda aimed to turn the public against the government. They believe that protest music can gain nothing through its unorganized way of dealing with community issues. On the other hand, there are some who believe that protest music creates a sense of bonding and awakening within the public. The public understand that they are not alone and once they join together through music, they can attain a lot. The Hutchson Family Singers were the first protest singers in the history of US that came forward during the mid 19th century. They took up various causes that the public was suffering with such as abolition of slavery, women suffering, the temperance movement etc. The Hutchson Family created a name for themselves with songs like ‘Escape at Sunset’ that focused on the issue of slavery. The Hutchson Family also sang for the President, John Tyler and became friends with Abraham Lincoln. It was the Hutchson Family Singer who inspired many with their protest songs such as Woodie

Assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assignment 7 - Essay Example There are three main components that every person as well as design should observe so that the feelings of the people involved are competently taken care of. The three aspects that need to be taken into account so that feelings of other people are taken seriously especially in design include appearance, behavior and their experiences or expressions. The three aspects need to be appreciated in the interaction with each individual so that they are able to connect with us. First, appearance or the visceral aspect as described by Norman (2004) describes the way we are able to appreciate how individuals react to the outward appearance of the product design. It is even imperative that we understand that appearance is even more important that functionality since most people are likely to perceive attractive things to be more user friendly than unattractive ones regardless of the real facts. The design should also take into account of the likely impact it may have on the pleasure or effectiv eness that will be attained by the potential users. In effect, to be able to seriously take into consideration the people’s feelings, we should be able to provide them with products that are likely to revitalize their fond memories. Lastly, it is important that the products reflect the individual’s rational and intellectual principles and that they are able to associate with it by even giving an explanation of how it functions. Norman (2004) has suggested that computers should therefore take the emotional component through well designed programs that are able to take into account the user’s feelings. It is quite strange but equally hilarious to think that computers can have emotions or at least, have an element of creating emotions. To some extent, I agree with the writer to the extent that computers and other digitech products should have basic elements of emotions so that they are able to be more users friendly. Whereas there is a big challenge of perfectly cr eating programs that will be faultlessly respond to different emotions and handle different personalities, it is important that computers are able to create some aesthetic value apart from the normal usability features. It is important that computers and other technological products are able to identify with historical and memorable events that people are able to connect them and not view them as insensitive tools. The writer is therefore right when he states that there should be a human part in the working of machines. He gives a good example of robots that he believes should do more than just assigned tasks so that they are viewed as more capable. However, in as much as the concerns of the writer may be genuine in addressing this great weakness of computer related design, it is still inconceivable to think that computers will perfectly fit to relay emotions and relate with different personalities. Like every being has different emotional frame and they may vary according to the en vironment or some historical happening among other things, computers may need to have complex systems that will integrate all these aspects in a single program that is likely to take immense efforts and massive resources to achieve. A2. The Philosopher’s Tool Kit Wittkower (2008) has raised an important component in product design by using the example of an iPod and the philosophy behind its much fanatical following. The author raises four pertinent issues that consumers may want

E-Business Logistics and Operation ( Case study Analysis) Essay

E-Business Logistics and Operation ( Case study Analysis) - Essay Example the search for discovering advanced processes and techniques by which the total production process, starting from the collection of raw materials to the delivery of finished products, can be made cost–effective. To remain competitive and retain its market position in the competitive global scenario, the company is searching for suitable production processes which would enable them to offer cost-effective products to their customers. To achieve this end, the company is relentlessly making efforts to minimise the production costs, resulting from huge lead times, excess inventory or inability to strike a balance between supply and demand of the market. The company mainly serves three types of customers- the industrial sector, the DIY retailers and the timber merchants. The main objective of the present supply chain network was to minimise the lead times in the total production process thereby reducing the chances of producing waste products. This would help the company to control its production costs and minimise the costs incurred in eliminating production bottlenecks, which would indirectly facilitate the company to meet the customer demands on-time. Primary or the initial stage of manufacturing: The wood collected from these forests is then transported to sawmills situated in Finland. In these sawmills, the wood is processed into timber which is required for manufacturing their end products. Second stage of manufacturing (‘Secondary Manufacturing’): Timber is then transported to UK through sea route. In UK, this timber is then worked upon according to the client specifications and is converted into finished products (Chapman P., et.al, 2001). Warehouses or factory storage spaces: This is the place where the finished products are ultimately stored before being delivered to the retailers. The items are dispatched, according to the demand from the retailers. According to the survey conducted to get a clear picture about the lead time taken by a particular

Identifying Your Intent unit 3 IP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identifying Your Intent unit 3 IP - Essay Example The guests will be most interested in knowing what I have planned to do with the money I need as loan, they will be interested in the new strategy I have set to offer to obtain many scholars, the course am offering, the number of staff I will be needing and also the where am planning to locate the offices. I therefore would like to present to them the best ever with clear ideas, logical sequences of the ideas and to make them concentrate with what I have to say. I am planning on presenting to them a good presentation that will persuade them and also convince them of my capability. I also want you to assist me in choosing what to wear on that day, how I should talk, and what to do if a question is raised and am not in a position to answer, I therefore desperately need you to address these issues and communicate as soon as possible. After the presentation I expect the audience to congratulate me for the great plan I have for the next generations to come and offer me the loan without hesitating, I therefore look forward for your assistance in preparation of this presentation, I will appreciate your assistance that will play a major role in determining the outcome of my request for the loan, I look forward to hear from you soon.

A Study of Fashion Clothes Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Study of Fashion Clothes Brand - Essay Example The paper "A Study of Fashion Clothes Brand" analyzes the impact of peer pressures on brand choice between Chinese and UK’s young consumers. There have been instances where it has been noticed that peers influence young consumers’ behaviour. Fashion brands of clothes reflect a symbolic meaning. A young customer wearing a branded cloth is believed to belong to a rich family. They are seen as popular and are allowed to mingle with their peers. This implies that it also indirectly influences the business operations of the companies. Very few research works have been undertaken on this subject. All these constitute the rationale behind selecting this topic. China is considered as the largest consumer markets for clothing industry (Tai, 2005). However, the Chinese brands are still in its initial phase of making their fashion industry international. Men’s clothing is catching up with the international brands in the domestic market. Some famous brands are Shanshan, Bosi deng, Youngor, etc. However, their capacity of revenue earning is low compared to the international brands. Earlier the Chinese fashion industry was fragmented. In recent times, the retail market of China is characterised by the existence of ZARA, GAP, Jack and Jones, etc. Most of the casual wears are locally manufactured. UK market has always been up to date when it comes to fashion. It has been a fashion hub to many renowned international fashion brands from Armani, Gucci, Tommy Hilfiger to Burberry, Tiffany & Co..

Stem cell research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stem cell - Research Paper Example Adult stem cells or somatic stem cells are â€Å"multipotent† cells that function as an internal repair system lifelong in some organs such as the gut and bone marrow, to replenish damaged cells (Pessina and Gribaldo, 2006). The characteristic ability of the stem cells to renew themselves continuously for long periods and differentiate into specific cell types under appropriate conditions (Zhong, 2008) make them good candidates for cell-based therapies in regenerative or reparative medicine. Customarily, although inappropriately, the term â€Å"stem-cell research† is used in news reports and political debates to discuss all scientific research involving stem cells. There is no controversy about research involving adult stem cells that are obtained from bone marrow, or the umbilical-cord stem cells taken from the residual blood found in the umbilical cord after delivery of the baby, or the stem cells present in the amniotic fluid. However, it is the research on and appli cation of ESCs for clinical use that has led to a raging controversy both on the basis of religious beliefs and for political brownie points. Scientifically, too, ESC therapy is not all hunky-dory. For instance, it has not been possible yet to consistently control the growth of ESCs. Also, the interactions of ESCs with other cells have been known to cause erratic growth patterns, including tumors, and tissue rejection responses (Repair Stem Cells Institute, 2009). The Catholic Church has supported adult and umbilical-cord stem-cell research but is vehemently opposed to embryonic stem cells being used for research based on religious beliefs. The main reasons for the opposition of the Catholic Church to ESC research as described by The Pontifical Academy for Life (2000) are (1) The only way in which ESCs can be isolated at present involves the destruction of an unimplanted blastocyst-stage embryo at the sixth to eighth day of development. The isolation of the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst for the preparation of embryonic stem cells is tantamount to destruction of the embryo; hence, the Church considers that a gravely immoral, and consequently, a gravely illicit act; (2) producing cloned human embryos and then destroying them in order to harvest ESCs is considered illicit; and (3) the use of embryonic stem-cell lines that already exist for research is also equal to destruction of innocent human life and, hence, immoral. Although the highly dramatized versions appearing in news reports of the possibility of growing whole organs from stem cells in petri dishes sounds amazing, it is more science fiction than reality. However, from a cell and developmental biology standpoint, ESC research is highly important. Scientists working on the application of stem cells to the medical field have been greatly worried, though, since stem cell research has suffered great harm on account of lack of accessible or quality stem cell lines. Following the ban by the U.S. fede ral government of embryonic stem cell research in August 2001, only those stem cell lines that came into existence before August 9, 2001 remained unconstrained by the ban. However, those cell lines have become possibly

The freddie Gray story in the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The freddie Gray story in the media - Essay Example umerous journalists failing to maintain objectivity in order to unearth the facts in the case as present the story objectively as the discussion below portrays. The media plays an integral role in the society. Key among the primary roles of the media is agenda setting which in turn leads to the formulation of opinions. The media influences public opinion and the media in the United States played a role in enhancing the wave of violence and riots in Baltimore following Freddie Grey’s story. Objectivity lacked in the coverage of the story with the media including the CNN following a wave of narratives that could sell. The media for example began by propagating the story showing videos of Mr. Grey’s arrest and alleged maltreatment. Showing the videos was not a mistake. However, the media failed to play its watchdog role by exercising caution. They carried out extensive analysis of numerous other cases of African Americans who have died while in police custody thus making Mr. Grey a growth to the statistics. Such biased yet widespread coverage of the story enhanced the spread of a particular narrative that shows that the predominantly white police service in the country continues to target African American minority. This contributed to the outbreak of the riots in Baltimore. None of the numerous journalists cared to investigate the background of the various suspects who have died in police custody. Some were hardcore criminals and the police had issues to suspect Grey. After contributing to the outbreak of the riots in the city, the media adopted yet another skeptic position in their coverage of the story. Fox News anchors for example claimed that the city was under blockade by â€Å"thugs†. CNN on the other hand even assigned an African American reporter to cover the story claiming that he was safer and could blend in the mayhem. The media once again showed a lack luster attitude with no media attempting to investigate the history of police brutality in

Engendering violence Essay Example for Free

Engendering violence Essay Violence could occur in various ways and in different levels. It may happen in the form of physical, sexual, verbal and psychological abuse, and could be inflicted by any individual, groups, institutions or nations. Whatever form of violence is inflicted, it could threaten the body of the violated person in the most complex way (Jarvis, â€Å"world of the body†). The society today is not new with the issue of violence. Every now and then, the media is consistently reporting events that are inhumane. Although violence could occur among different people, it has been well identified that the prevailing cases of violence are those that are gendered-based. Before one could fully identify gender-based violence, it is an imperative to clarify various definitions that are centered to the area being studied. It should be well understood that the usage of the words gender and sex are needed to be given identification in order to fully understand gender-based violence. In many cases the words gender and sex are used alternately; however there is a distinction between the two words. Sex is often referred to as the differences in the physical aspects of males and females while gender is known to be the roles of the males and females that are socially-prescribed. Such gender roles are acquired through the process of socialization (Ward, 2002 qtd in Benjamin and Murchinson 3). While the physical differences between male and female is persistently identified to be something that is easily distinguished and could be possessed in common, the gender roles are wide range and could be found in different aspects of an individual’s life and may apply in various aspects such as access to various resources, responsibilities that are public and private or even during the period of courtship. Although gender roles could be altered in the long run, it should be well understood that these gender roles reflect the position of men, women and children in the society (Benjamin and Murchinson 3-4). Based from these roles, gender-based violence could be identified as a form of violence that is done to an individual in accordance to the role he or she played within the society. Although such violence could also be directed among men, gender-based violence is prevalent among women and girls. The violence inflicted to females intends to empower hierarchies and strengthen gender inequalities (Benjamin and Murchinson 4). The term gender-based violence is now taking a new context where in it tends to examine and deeply understand the violence against women and discusses the role of gender in inflicting the violence. The power of gender relations always place women in a more disadvantaged position compared to their male counterparts. Gender-based violence place women at a level where they have less access to resources, information, decision making, benefits and have lesser hold on their rights. Aside from these, gender-based violence are also closely related to violence against women and girls because of the involvement of the idea that women are the subordinate gender in the society (UNIFEM 2-3). In various nations, women and girls are victims of myriads of forms of violence. Most of the cases of violence were not done randomly. The victims became the targets of the perpetrators because of the reason that they are females. Among the many forms of violence, sexual violence specifically rape is the most commonly inflicted among women. All sexual assaults are done out of aggression, despite of the gender and age of the victim. The primary motivation of the assailant to carry out rape is not centered towards satisfying a sexual desire or an issue of sexual deprivation from the past rather the perpetrator inflicts rape in order to express their power over somebody (Groth qtd in New York City Alliance against sexual assault, â€Å"Factsheets†). In most cases of female rape the act of violence was predominantly done by males who all come from socio-economic classes, racial or other ethnic groups. All through out the world, rape is often directed towards women because of their gender, regardless of their age, ethnicity or political affiliation (UNIFEM, â€Å"violence†). In the United States alone, it was reported that a woman is raped every two minutes. Just in 1995, the number of women who were raped or sexually assaulted reached over 354,670. The risk factors for initiating rape were accounted for early sexual experience, stereotyping which include the negative attitudes of males toward females, consumption of alcohol and the acceptance of rape myths (â€Å"American rape statistics†). In addition, during war and civil conflicts gender-based violence such as rape and sexual abuse were done in order to attack the morale of the enemy including men and women. For others gender-based violence was also conducted as â€Å"spoils of war. † (Benjamin and Murchinson 5) During the 1994 Rwandan genocide, sexual violence, especially rape was directed or encouraged by the Hutu Militia groups in order to strengthen their goal of destroying the whole Tsutsi clan. At this point in time, the violence was directed towards the Tsutsi women due to their gender and ethnicity. Furthermore, the sexuality of the Tsutsi women was also regarded by the Hutu’s, who were the genocide perpetrators, as a medium that could be used by the Tsutsi community to infiltrate the community of the Hutus. Because of this reason, the propaganda of sexually violating the Tsutsi women became prevalent in order to dehumanize and subjugate the Tsusti community as a whole. Aside from the Tsutsi women other Hutu women were also targeted for rape by their own tribesmen because they were associated with Tsutsi men who are considered as an opposition (Norwojee, â€Å"Shattered lives†). During the conflict in Bosnia-Hercegovina, Muslim women were raped and sexually abused as a part of the so-called â€Å"ethnic cleansing† for the establishment of the Greater Serbia, which is said to be ethically pure. On the basis of investigations, it was estimated that over 20,000 women became the victims of rape and sexual abuse. It was also documented that the rape was directed among the women in order to impose humiliation among the victims, their families and the community where they belong (WomenAid International, â€Å"EC investigative mission†). Much has been written about the prevalence of rape and rape reporting among females. However, it was stated earlier in the study that gender-based violence could also occur among males. In the case of rape, males are often disregarded about the issue because of the social context that males are the initiators of the sexual act, or if not they are considered as the dominating gender and that the women should be take the submissive role (Gagnon and Simon, 1973; Schneider Gould, 1987 qtd in Duncan and William, â€Å"Gender role,† 1). Despite this traditional sexual script, male rape is also very much similar to female rape. The most common perpetrators of male rape are also males, yet on a larger scale, the involvement of female as accomplices or perpetrators were also reported. In 2002, it was documented that out of eight rape victims, one of those involves a male (RAINN, 2003 qtd in Stanford’s men against violent group, â€Å"male rape†). More often than not, male rape is one of the many violence issues that are least discussed in the society. This is because such issue is often interpreted as an extension of the life in prison and is often regarded as a part of the homosexual subculture (Kaufman et al. , 1980 qtd in Pino and Meier, 1). However, what people do not recognize is the fact that male rape survivors include not only homosexuals but also heterosexuals, teenagers, homosexuals and children. Case research even suggested that males also experience the same reactions felt by females. Alongside with the feelings of depression, anger, self-blame, guilt, sexual dysfunctions, vulnerability and emotional distancing, male rape victims also have to endure unsympathetic attitudes from people even their friends, family and acquaintances (Brochman, 1991 qtd in New York City alliance against sexual assault, â€Å"Factsheets†). Likewise, it was also reported that males are more likely to become victims of multiple aggressors, yet the assailants could inflict sustained physical trauma and male victims could be held as captives for a longer period of time compared to their female counterparts (Kaufman et al. , 1980 qtd in Pino and Meier, 1).

Safety of Miners in the Opal Fields

Safety of Miners in the Opal Fields Summary This essay focuses on safety of miners in the opal fields. It looks at the major potential hazards in the opal fields and ways to ensure safety from these hazards. These hazards include explosives, unstable ground, shafts, machinery and dust. The claim is only as safe as the miners who are working on it. If miners can not follow laws and preventions outlined then the claim will not be as safe as it could be. Introduction Opal mining is an exciting but potentially hazardous occupation. A responsible miner should be able to identify and minimise risks. Many people can come onto a claim such as noodlers, miners and tourists. The claim can either be current with people working or it could be old and abandoned. The condition that the claim is left in has a major impact on the safety of any person who walks onto the claim. Specific laws and regulations have been set down by the government, which must be abided by to ensure a minimum safety standard is set. The top five potential hazards are explosives, unstable ground, shafts, machinery and dust. Content Claim Preparation Many risks arise from previously worked areas. Old workings such as drill holes and backfilled or covered shafts, which could be covered by vegetation, are potential risks. Shaft positions should be approximated if mining nearby. As these old shafts can collapse, it is advisable to leave a safe distance between shafts. If work is to be commenced in old shafts a number of checks should be completed. Drives, pillars and levels poor ground should all be checked and noted. Notes may include workings on two levels with the lower level directly beneath the upper. Large un-pillared areas, thin crowned pillars and fretting or cracking of pillars. Lastly cracks in the wall and roof and pillar size should also be checked. Claim boundaries are also a key point to avoid breaking into other neighbouring shafts. Explosives Experience in using and handling explosives can often lead to complacency. Inexperienced people not only can be potentially dangerous to them but can also pose risks with miss fires, unstable walls and fly rock. Licences to purchase, transport, store, handle and use explosives must be acquired and kept up to date. This ensures a minimum standard of safety is achieved. Not only are licenses important to ensure safety but storage, transport and use of explosives can be more important. Ensuring that all explosive equipment is stored appropriately is a must. Explosives should be stored correctly in a cool, dry place with detonators stored separately from explosive material. Other storage measures which should be met is that the explosive boxes are wood lined and locked. The boxes must be wood lined to ensure no static build up occurs and creates a spark. The storage areas of diesel and Nitropril should be well separated to ensure if there is a spill that they do not mix. Many laws are already put in place for the way explosives are transported, prepared and blasted. These laws are put in place for a specific reason which is safety, any deviation from the processes set out could result in a potential injury. Explosive Fumes Various gases are generated due to blasting. Gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides along and other noxious gases pose a potential health hazard after a blast. The reason these gases are dangerous is because they displace the oxygen available for breathing. For this reason adequate ventilation is required to release these gases before entering the blasted area. When a blast occurs a blast radius should be put in place to ensure the safety of other miners. In underground mines there is no law but it is recommended that miners do not stay underground. Gases generated from the blast can disperse throughout other shafts and may also cumulate their if there is inadequate airflow, the blast may also cause sections of the roof to collapse. Gases which are dispersed throughout the mine can cumulate in low or high cavities depending on the gas. Carbon Dioxide is heavier than air and can cumulate in low spots and floor cavities. Carbon Monoxide is lighter than air and can cumulate in high spots and roof cavities. Areas of known for having inadequate airflow should be checked after blasting to ensure the gas levels are at a safe level. Fans, blowers and other ventilation systems should be used to extract the noxious gases from the mine. These should be used in preference to natural ventilation as they are much quicker. Unstable Structures The geological structures of opal fields vary. There are some structures which can support a wide underground area, yet others are blocky material with faults which makes mining difficult and not recommended. Opal mining in South Australia is quite difficult as the general bearing rock is weathered, brittle and fractured. Each place in SA is different due to the stress distributions and rock types. With all of these factors it is up to the miner to decide weather it is safe to start underground mining in that area. In certain geological structures cave-ins can occur. A survey of the underground mining area should be done, noting old workings. Whenever underground a miner has to be constantly aware of the conditions especially the roof stability. An unstable roof which could be due to hidden faults could result in a rockfall which could be fatal. Weather conditions can also affect the wall structure and integrity. Air entering the mine can dry out ground and open up cracks, slides or faults. This drying of material can cause slabs of ground to fall. If a large amount of water gets into the mine the supporting strength of walls and pillars may be reduced. Care should be taken to identify if and fretting has occurred at the base of structures. Any operating shaft should have the entrance to it kept in good condition. Loose rocks, material and tools should all be cleared from the entrance as these can easily be knocked into the shaft. The likes of wind, weathering or even a blast close by could cause material to fall. For all of these reasons outlined with falling objects it is essential to wear a hard hat at all times. All of these factors can potentially be fatal, but these factors are generally overlooked as miners often become complacent and do not check the stability and strength of walls and roofs very often. These checks should become essential to a miners daily routine. Shafts Shafts are the key entry point to the underground sections of the mine. Keeping the shaft in good condition is essential to safety. Support structures at the top of the shaft, such as timbers and pipes, should be kept in good condition. When entering any new shaft weather it is blind or dead it is essential to ventilate the shaft to clear away gases. Underground areas must have at least two means of exit. This is in case one exit gets blocked for some reason which could be due to a rock fall. Having two exits requires regular maintenance to ensure that both mechanisms, which are subjected to corrosion and weathering, are safe to use. There is a significant risk of people falling down an open shaft. Not only are tourists at risk but also the miners. Small shafts can catch a persons leg or ankle and cause injuries whereas larger shafts pose risks of vehicles and people falling in. It is recommended to leave a ring of dirt around the shaft entrance to signify that a shaft is there. When a miner leaves the claim, it is their responsibility to leave the shaft and its surroundings in a safe condition. Manner Machinery When operating any machinery either above or below ground a pre-start check should be completed. This is to ensure the machine you are about to operate is in a safe working condition. Items which should be checked are fluid levels, tyre inflation and condition, track tension, gauges, lights, hydraulic rams, lines and buckets, brakes and steering. Any diesel machinery in operation gives off carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and other noxious gases. These gases are similar to blasting gases and can be fatal if inhaled in large concentrations. When in large concentrations these gases can not be seen or smelt. Care should be taken when operating any machinery underground ensuring adequate ventilation. Dust A major hazard when working at a mine is dust. Dust can cause or trigger numerous health problems such as skin irritation, allergies and respiratory damage. Generally particles of dust are caught within the nose, throat and bronchial tubes. A small amount of these particles however get into the breathing system, due to their size and shape. It is these particles which cause the most respiratory problems. Dust particles which are of a particular concern are silica. Silica is found predominantly in sandstone host rocks. High exposure to small silica particles can potentially cause a fatal lung disease called silicosis. Although all dust can not be tested for silica it is essential to restrict dust exposure to a minimum. Ways to control dust include extractors, collection systems and maximum airflow. Wearing a respirator or a dusk mask at the absolute minimum will help prevent the amount of dust that a miner will inhale. Although it is essential that the correct respirator or dust mask is used, as each one is different, depending on what cartridge is installed in the device. Electrical Operating machines or tools underground will generally use electricity. It is important to remember that electricity seeks the path of least resistance to earth. Most cases the path of least resistance is the human body as it is 80% water. It is vital that the design and installation of any electrical supply is safe. The miner can not come into contact with any live electrical component. Personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) will help in protecting a miner from potential hazards. PPE is not a replacement for getting rid of a specific problem. It would be preferable to fit an extraction system for dust rather than wearing a dust mask. A number of items should be worn when working in a mining area such as hard hats, footwear, breathing, hearing and eye protection. Hard hats can be uncomfortable, fall off and restrict clearance in small spaces, but these inconveniences save lives. Footwear suitable for miners are steel capped boots. They provide much more support for ankles and grip when walking on loose and rugged surfaces. The steel cap provides protection for your toes if something drops or falls onto your feet. Breathing protection general comes from dust masks either rubber of paper. Both are designed to sit on a clean shaven face. If the miner has a bear or stubble the effectiveness of these masks is reduced. Hearing protection generally comes in two forms which are ear plugs and ear muffs. Ear protection only cuts out part of the noise, usually around 20db(A). Since only part of the noise is cut out it is important to ensure that the miner realises that higher levels of ear protection is required when working next to excessively noisy machines such as jack hammers. In general eye protection should be worn at all times. There is a constant risk of particles of some nature being airborne and possibly entering the eye. Damage to the eye may be something small like a scratch to actually losing an eye. Discussion These rules and advised safety precautions to be taken are put in place for a reason. It is solely to help protect the individual from getting injured or killed. But miners in the opal fields generally have the shell be right attitude. A large amount of preventions can be put in place to help ensure safety but if the miner does not follow them these are next to useless. They may think only a short amount of exposure to dust is fine, but if they continue to have exposure to dust containing silica they could cause the onset of silicosis. Not only can you do internal damage through various noxious gases and dusts, but a lot of damage can be done to the body itself. Cuts, sprains and broken bones are a number of things which can occur depending on how safe, cautious and or ignorant the miner is. Conclusions The top five potential hazards in opal field mining are explosives, unstable ground, shafts, machinery and dust. All of these potential hazards have laws, regulations and precautions put in place to ensure a minimum standard of safety. This minimum standard of safety is only reached if the person who enters the claim follows the guidelines. The bottom line being that safety in the opal fields comes down to each individual that enters the claim. If the miner is ignorant, complacent or plain lazy the safety of not only themselves but for others working with them could be at risk. It is the miners responsibility to ensure that not only are they safe but also fellow co-workers.

Appleby Book Review Essay -- Essays Papers

Appleby Book Review Telling The Truth About History I am writing a book review of Telling The Truth About History by Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt and Margaret Jacob. In this book, the authors’ talk about the increased skepticism and the position that relativism has lessen our ability to actually know and to write about the past. The book discusses the writing of history, and how people are struggling with the issues of what is â€Å"truth.† It also discusses the postmodernist movement and how future historians can avoid the mistakes by historians from the past. Telling The Truth About History gives great insight and knowledge to those who are non-historians because it looks at the dispute and inadequacy of past historical approaches to the study of history and that science is dead. I hold that history was not written in Labs and therefore cannot be compared to science. In my review I will critique the three-absolutist ideas made by Newton and Darwin. First, Appleby, Lynn, and Jacob discussed the ideas concerning history. The first idea described how Newton and Darwin became chief examples of the Heroic model of science. Then, in a later chapter, the authors’ show how Newton and Darwin fell from grace and the effect this had on history as a discipline. Nevertheless, early historians felt that the way to find the truth was though science. Early historians felt that through science they could become neutral and reconstruct the past exactly as it happened (241). I analyze tha...

Kurt Vonnegut :: essays research papers

Kurt Vonnegut   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Vonnegut is an impressive author who combines comic fiction and social satire in his novels. He often writes about the main character Kilgore Trout, who seems to be more like Vonnegut’s alter ego. He has written many books including Player Piano, Cat’s Cradle, Slaughterhouse Five, Galapagos, Bluebeard, and Fates Worse Than Death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Vonnegut was born November 11, 1922 in Indianapolis Indiana. His parents were Kurt Vonnegut Sr. and Edith Leiber. He graduated from Shortridge High School in Indianapolis where he was editor of the school newspaper. After graduation in 1940, he moved on to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York where he took classes for biochemistry. In 1942, he enlisted in the army as an Infantry Battalion Scout. Later he was trained by Carnegie Institute and University of Tennessee to become a mechanical engineer. In 1944, Kurt’s mother committed suicide on May 14. He returns home briefly, then was captured in the Battle of the Bulge. While working in a factory in Dresden, Germany, Vonnegut picked up his materials for Slaughterhouse Five. After this he married Jane Mary Cox on September 1, 1945. Working as a police reporter, he studied Anthropology at the University of Chicago, but his thesis was rejected. In 1947, his son Mark was born, later, in 1949 his daughter E dith. He then became a publicist for General Electric in Schenectady, New York, but in 1950 he quit GE, and moved to Cape Cod to write. He published Player Piano in 1952. His third child, Nanette was born in 1954. Between 1954 and 1956 he taught English at Hopefield school, worked for an ad agency, and opened the very first Saab dealership in the great United States. Next, Kurt was rocked with a number of close deaths. His father passed away in 1957 on October 1, his sister and his brother-in-law die in 1958. He then adopted his three oldest nieces and nephews. Kurt still found time to write and Cat’s Cradle was published in 1962. From 1965 to 1967, he took up a residency at University of Iowa Writer’s Workshop and published Pearls Before Swine. Vonnegut wanted a closer look in Dresden before he wrote the novel Slaughterhouse Five, to he went back to Dresden on a Guggenheim Fellowship. He finished the novel in 1969. His education was furthered after he taught creative writing at Harvard and received his master’s degree from University of Chicago for Cat’s Cradle.

Anne Brontes Agnes Grey and the Critics Essay -- Bronte Agnes Grey Es

Anne Bronte's Agnes Grey and the Critics   Ã‚  Ã‚   Little is known about the composition of Anne Bronte's book Agnes Grey. Many critics believe that the original draft of Agnes Grey was titled, Passages in the Life of an Individual and was written July of 1845. The first edition of the novel was published in 1847 in combination with Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. Through out her life, Anne had written many poems and finished two complete novels. Both of her novels, Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall were published. Anne's sister Charlotte Bronte was an important force in the reasons behind Agnes Grey's publication. The three Bronte sisters were preparing to have their first book of poems published which was titled, Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. During the period that the poems were published, Charlotte made attempts to have three novel published. She wrote to the publishers informing them that Currer, Ellis, and Acton had just finished The Professor, Wuthering Heights, and Agnes Grey. A gentleman by the name of Thomas Newby accepted only Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey. Newby promised Charlotte that he would have 350 copies of the novels published but he continued to procrastinate and not come through on his word. Due to growing frustrations, Charlotte wrote to W.S. Williams of Smith, Elder and complained of the constant delays caused by Mr. Newby.   In 1847, 250 copies were finally published. The novel consisted of three volumes, Wuthering Heights occupied volumes one and two, while Agnes Grey occupied volume three. The first edition of publication among these 250 copies contained many errors. Grammatical errors were seen more in Agnes Grey than in Wuthering Heights. It is with these er... ...of the great authors of her time, but the Bronte's sisters are known around the world for a wonderful compilation of literature that has remained popular and an important part of literary history.    Work Cited Inglesfield, Robert. "Introduction to Agnes Grey" (1988). Pp. XI. Douglas Ferrold's Weekly Newspaper January 15 1848. Atlas January 22, 1848. Both critics unknown Moore, George. "Conversations in Ebury Street." (1924) NineteenthCentury  Ã‚   Literature Criticism, Volume 4 pp.42-43.<o:p></o:p> Nineteenth -Century Literature Criticism Vol. 4 pp 37-57 Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism Volume 4 pp 40 GrahamsMagazine (1850) Vol. XXXVI, No 2, page 167. (Author   unknown).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sinclair, Mary . "Introduction to the Tenant of Wildfell Hall." (1914) Pp. v-viii. <o:p></o:p>

The Importance of External Factors in Influencing the Conducting

The Importance of External Factors In Influencing The Conducting Of US Foreign Policy To answer the essay question, external factors are indeed important in influencing the conducting of American foreign policy, as they are for all countries. They are important because they determine the direction American foreign policy takes, and with it, can drastically alter the futures of entire countries (Iraq & Afghanistan post 9/11).This essay will devote itself to exploring and explaining how each external factor is important and influential, and proceed to back it up by providing historic and modern examples detailing its effect on US foreign policy, and the end results. These external factors that will be explored are (sequentially) strategic interests of other nations, geographically-based vulnerabilities of the USA in relation to economic and military interests and finally the successes of grass roots revolution in the Arab Spring in upending both long-standing allies and enemies, and it s effect on traditional US foreign policy stances.The first external factor is the strategic interests of both allies and enemies across the world. Due to the USA’s current position as a hyper-power with a global presence, its influence and interests often collide with those interests or spheres of influence of other nations, ranging from allies such as the United Kingdom, Israel and Poland, to long-time rivals such as the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China or find itself involved in a conflict between two different nations (such as the Falklands issue or the current Israel-Iran crisis).In such situations where the USA must interact with other involved nation-states, the USA has either attempted to compromise with the other parties involved in an attempt to reach an amicable solution or fully backed a local ally/pursued its own objectives to the detriment of local nation-states.One of the more notable examples of the first is in the long-running nego tiations with North Korea, where six-country negotiations (featuring Russia, America, China, Japan and both Koreas) have been ongoing since 2003, primarily concerning North Korea’s nuclear program but also the normalization of trade, demilitarization and normalization of diplomatic relations.In no less than six different rounds of negotiations (with a seventh one starting in 2012), the United States has sat down for talks with the isolationist North Koreans, attempting to reach an agreement to the satisfaction of all the regional powers involved, an agreement that would see international concerns over North Korea’s nuclear program addressed, as well as pave a way towards future reunification.While talks have continually broken down or bore little fruit, this is more so due to unrealistic North Korean demands and various violations than the USA negotiating under false pretenses or seeking personal advancement. The North Korean talks in particular stand as a specific cas e where the USA has and continues to work alongside regional powers for the benefit of all involved. The second approach taken by the USA is that of fully favoring one side or party in a conflict or situation (usually a long-term ally or one of more relevance) over the other side, sometimes to its own eventual detriment.A prime example of this would be the Israel-Palestine situation in the Middle East today. While the United States has several allies among the Arab nations (Jordan, the Gulf states, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, formerly Egypt†¦), it has always prioritized Israel as its main ally in the region, providing it with billions of dollars yearly in grants, equipping it with some of the most advanced military technology in the world and sharing intelligence since the 1950s.As a result of these incredibly close ties to the Jewish state, the United States is often viewed as responsible or linked to Israel’s actions, while at the same benefiting from its use as a local proxy . So mutually linked however are the two nation-states, that it has directly anchored the USA into the morass of the Israeli-Palestine situation, an action that has often invited Arab rage against the Americans, most infamously concerning Al Qaeda and the 9/11 attack.While pure political/strategic matters are a critical and pervasive external factor in US foreign policy, there is also a backdrop of geography-based concerns that are particularly dangerous to the US’s foreign policy aims. The first element of geographic factor is an economic concern relating the international shipping lanes such as those of the Persian Gulf, while the second element is a military one, involving the supplying of NATO military forces in the land-locked status of Afghanistan.The first element is the more globally threatening one, as shipping lanes such as those of the Panama Canal (Central America), the Horn of Africa (East Africa) and the Hormuz Straits (Persian Gulf) are economic chokepoints, im portant to not only a hyper-power as the USA but the entire world economy. They are important because they are integral waterways in the world economy, shipping massive amounts of Persian Gulf oil daily across the world to countries such as India, China and the USA (nearly 46% of the world’s seaborne petroleum is shipped through both areas together).For the US specifically however, the Persian Gulf is a life-line that cannot be severed, even for a brief period. In 2006 for example, U. S. gross oil imports from the Persian Gulf were 2. 2 million barrels per day, accounting for 17 percent of the US total net oil imports. As such, oil-client states such as India, China, America, and Britain among others have warships detailed to the regions to protect and ensure safe shipping, as well as dealing with piracy.The USA specifically maintains its 5th Fleet in the area, being responsible for the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea and the Gulfs of Aden & Oman. The second elemen t, the military one is far more US-centric, however. Ever since the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, NATO forces in the country have been reliant on supply routes going through Pakistan in order to continue operating. As reported by CJ Radin, the supply route starts at the Pakistani port of Karachi, where ships dock and offload their supplies onto trucks.The trucks then drive through Pakistan and enter Afghanistan through either the Khyber Pass near Peshawar or through the Chaman crossing near Quetta. However, due to multiple incidents (the OBL Abbottabad raid, drone airstrikes killing Pakistani citizens, various cross-border raids, Pakistani covert support to Taliban cells, Taliban ambushes of supply convoys from the Pakistani border, etc†¦), the relationship between Pakistan and the USA has grown strained, first limiting and then stopping the supplies landing from Karachi.As a whole, the Pakistani route was quite crucial to the NATO military effort, being the closest and most developed friendly port/road network into Afghanistan. Without supplies, NAO faced a struggle to continue their operations against resilient Taliban cells, a struggle that was slowly relieved by the slow build up of a northern network over the course of the last four years through Russia, Turkey and various Baltic, Caucasian & Central Asian states.This network has two different routes, one starting at a Baltic port, then by rail through Russia, Kazakhstan, and then to Uzbekistan before reaching NATO, while the other brings supplies by ship or rail to a Georgian port on the Black Sea, then by rail through Georgia and Azerbaijan, by ferry across the Caspian Sea, and by rail again through Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, though it is reportedly by far the most limited.Overall, nearly 35% of US supplies in April 2010, 50% in April 2011, and 55%-65% in July-Sept 2011 came from the new northern network, while other NATO forces received roughly 40% the northern network. These instances both ind icate the striking lengths that the USA is affected by such vulnerabilities, as well as how strongly they are tied to American economic and military instances. In discussing American interests in regions such as Central Asia and the Middle East, one cannot ignore the effects of the Arab Spring.While much ink has devoted to this subject since 2011, here in this essay I will only focus on its affect on traditional US foreign policy stances. To put it simply, since the Cold War, the United States has gained a habit of often backing authoritarian or despotic regimes, monarchies such as Saudi Arabia and Iran (prior to the Islamic Revolution) or strongman republics such as Yemen and Pakistan.These countries repressed their citizenry, yet as long as they were American allies, they were celebrated, or even praised as loyal and as champions of stability and good, while other authoritarian regimes received lambasting and sanctions and other punishments. While Iraq received democracy and liber ation from Saddam, while Condoleezza Rice spoke of the violence wrecked upon Hamas-ruled Gaza and Hezballoh-influenced Lebanon as the â€Å"birth pangs of a new Middle East†, it was the Arab Spring that brought forth a new Middle East.Over a dozen homegrown instances of civil resistance, of rebellion, of revolution, successful or otherwise, all attempted and/or achieved without US prompting. In Libya, in Egypt, in Tunisia, Yemen, long-standing regimes have fallen. Authentic democracies are starting to develop, democracies with no inherent ties or links to the United States, with no reason to reach out to them directly. If I can quote Noam Chomsky on one thing, it’s that the USA cannot count on these new governments to be as friendly or welcoming as their predecessors.It can’t treat these new governments as their predecessors, it can’t control their opinions on Israel or Iran, it can’t easily buy their loyalties, not as things are still unfolding. I n effect, the United States now has to come up with new policies, new strategies to deal with these countries, to decide on continuing pre-existing deals or renegotiate new ones. In conclusion, there are several very important external factors that influence how American foreign policy is conducted, and they are truly important.Learning to how to recognize and compromise in order to accept the strategic interests of other nations, how to handle the geographic limitations and vulnerabilities that often define or control the options available in a situation, and how to adapt to dealing with lesser, developing nations that while democratic are not favorable to you or your interests. Bibliography CJ Radin, 2011, Focus ‘Analysis: The US-Pakistan relationship and the critical factor of supply’ [online] 4 December. Available: Daily Mail Reporter, 2011, Focus: ‘Pakistan gives US two week ultimatum’ [online] 8 November. Available: http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news /article-2066488/Pakistan-gives-US-2-week-ultimatum-abandon-secret-airbase-closes-border. html Cox, M. and Stoke, D. , 2008, US Foreign Policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press Lansford, T. , 2003, A Bitter Harvest: US Foreign Policy & Afghanistan, Ashgate Holsti, O. , 2006, Making American Foreign Policy, Routledge DeAlkatine, N. , 2012, American Diplomacy: Interpreting the Arab Spring, Journal, Range 1996, Available from UWE Library

Personal & Professional Development Essay

1.1  Cunningham1 has defined self-managed learning as â€Å"†¦idealised adult action learning†. Therefore, self learning is a process where the learner develops their learning goals, decides on strategies to make it happen, identifies resources needed to achieve it and adopts the process to evaluate their achievement. Self managed learning can only be effective if a person has the ability to independently decide about their learning and can manage this without much institutional support. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that most people, though understanding the need for such learning approach, are unable to identify and manage their learning without guidance and support from an institution. Hence, people go to an institution to learn. However, It is the responsibility of the learner to take charge of their learning. In an adult learning environment, where most learners have been out of touch with learning for a while, it is important that the tutors initially provide hands on approach to guide the learners. Gradually, ‘tutor dependency’ reduces and the learner becomes more self dependent, starting to manage their learning more effectively. Self learning process can be facilitated through research, using online tools such as web logs, wikis, search engine facilities, use of social software and other multimedia tools such as audio and video equipment. 1.2  Lifelong learning is a process that takes place throughout an individual’s life based on their life experiences, interaction with others and range of different circumstances which are used to acquire knowledge. It is, defined as the â€Å"ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons’’[2). There are various methods of learning, which can be termed as ‘life long learning’. These are: †¢ Home schooling : People learning at home rather than at an institute. †¢ Adult education : Enrolling in an adult learning course to gain formal qualifications for work or leisure. †¢ Continuing education : Courses to gain further knowledge without getting any formal qualification. †¢ Knowledge work : On-the-job training but can also include practical courses for professional development. †¢ Personal learning environment: Using a range of sources and tools including online applications. Lifelong learning is the most effective way to enhance personal and professional development. Therefore, all the above methods should be encouraged and used to gain relevant knowledge in relation to an individual’s goals and aspirations. A method used by a person depends on what their personal learning goals are, and on the answers to the key questions of what, when, where, how and why. 1.3  The benefits of self managed learning to individuals and organisations are many fold. The key benefits are : †¢ Ability to choose the content :Allows people to pick and choose what they are going to learn, and who they are going to learn from, depending on personal level of knowledge and preferences. †¢ Determining the schedule : Allows people to adapt learning process to their personal agenda, without depending on time schedules imposed by others. †¢ Learning with passion : Topic is chosen based on what the learner wants to learn, making the learner more engaged and the learning process more enjoyable. †¢ Sense of accomplishment and satisfaction : As the learner has chosen the topic, it provides greater degree of satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment within learners. †¢ More productive life : As it is a learner guided process, there is more passion and commitment within the learner about their learning, enhancing their chances of securing more expertise in the area. †¢ Develop expertise and skill : After gaining skill and expertise in the chosen field, a person is more likely to become an expert in the area, with others seeking their expertise and be willing to pay for it. 2.1 Since leaving school, I have worked within the catering sector all my working life, initially as a General Assistant in the kitchen, helping cook and chef. However, through my competence and performance, I was able to gradually rise to the position of Head Chef, with people working under my supervision. This allowed me to have experience of managing people effectively in a challenging fast moving environment. In addition, I was able to gain adequate knowledge and understanding about various health & safety guidelines through relevant training, including gaining relevant qualifications. I was able to comply with the professional standards for a Chef through the training I received. Also, working closely with the management, I was able to understand fully the key aims and objectives of the business and focused on ensuring that through my work, I help the business to fulfil them. It is important for a restaurant to provide good quality food and customer service – the two key aspect for such business. Unless the quality of the food and the level of customer service is to their satisfaction, customers will not come back, which is vital for a business. So, my role as a Head Chef is crucial to the success of the company. Since the restaurant is doing well, I feel confident that I have contributed towards the achievement of the company’s aims and objectives, complying with the professional standards required for my job. 2.2  Having worked in the kitchen all my working life, I would now like to have a change of career and move to management, where I would like to manage the whole business, either by setting up my own restaurant or be employed in a restaurant owned by others. In order to help me achieve my aim, I would need proper qualification, understanding and knowledge about how to manage a restaurant efficiently. Therefore, my development needs are as follows : †¢ How to devise an effective business plan †¢ How to prepare a comprehensive sales and marketing strategy †¢ How to be a competent business manager †¢ How to manage a business efficiently and profitably In order to acquire the knowledge required to achieve those aims, I need to enrol in a business course which will not only allow me to have the relevant knowledge but would also enable me to have thorough understanding of these areas, resulting in a qualification. In addition to the areas mentioned above, I also need to focus on some other areas, such as enhancing my literacy and numeracy skills as it would be necessary if I am to manage to restaurant. I also need to improve my social and communication skills too, which is vital for a business within the hospitality sector. 2.3 Since I don’t currently have any formal qualification other than GCSE, the only way for me to achieve my goal of enrolling in a course to acquire relevant knowledge and gain qualification would be to enrol in a course that does not have an entry requirement of any formal qualification and would accept someone with only GCSE. So, I started researching about various courses available that is relevant to me and is available for people who only have GCSE. I have identified that the Business Management HND is the best course for me as it offers all relevant aspects to help me achieve my developmental needs while allowing people with only GCSE to enrol. Therefore, I have enrolled in this course. However, I am seriously considering taking this further and go into further studies on business management, either through university or an informal course in continuing education, which may not result in a formal qualification but would provide me with the knowledge I need to achieve my goals. I feel that enrolling in the Business management HND is the first step towards achieving my aim of acquiring all relevant information and gain relevant qualifications regarding running a successful restaurant business. I also researched about courses to facilitate my aim of enhancing my literacy, numeracy, social and communication skills and have identified some of the courses that will be relevant to me and would assist me in achieving my goals.

The Marketing Environment

1. The changing and uncertain marketing environment deeply affects the organization’. Discuss this statement,explaining what is meant by the’marketing environment’ and explaining how it might affect marketing plans and activities with an example. The Marketing Environment The marketing environment refers to all of the internal and external forces that affect a marketer’s ability to create, communicate, deliver and exchange offerings of value. The factors and forces within the marketing environment can be classified as belonging to the internal environment, the micro-environment, and the macro-environment.The internal environment refers to the organization itself and the factors that are directly controllable by the organization. The micro-environment comprises the forces and factors at play inside the industry in which the marketer operates. Micro-environmental factors affect all parties in the industry, including suppliers, distributors, customers and com petitors. The macro-environment comprises the larger-scale forces that influence not only the industry in which the marketer operates, but all industries. Macro-environmental factors include political forces, economic forces, sociocultural forces, technological forces and legal forces.This macro-environmental framework has been called the PESTL framework. Micro-environmental and macro-environmental forces are outside of the organization and, while they can be influenced, they cannot be directly controlled. The internal environment refers to its parts, people and processes. An organization is able to directly control the factors in its internal environment. A thorough understanding of the internal environment ensures that marketers understand the organisation’s strengths and weaknesses, which positively and negatively affect the organisation’s ability to compete in the marketplace.The micro-environment consists of customers, clients, partners, competitors and other part ies that make up the organisation’s industry. The organization cannot directly control its micro-environment and respond to the current and future needs and wants of their target market. They must understand how each of their partners’ processes work and how their partnerships benefit each party. They must also understand the risks involved in working with partners and the relative power balance between the organization and each partner.Suppliers are a particularly crucial partner. Marketers must identify, assess, monitor and manage risks to supplies and risks to the price of supplies. To succeed, marketers must ensure their offerings provide their target market with greater value than their competitors’ offerings. Thus, marketers seek to understand their competitors’ marketing mix, sales volumes, sales trends, market share, staffing, sales per employee and employment trends. Marketers should analyse total budget competition, generic competition, product competition and brand competition.The macro-environment encompasses uncontrollable factors outside of the industry: political, economic, sociocultural, technological and legal forces. Political forces describe the influence of politics on marketing decisions. Economic forces affect how much money people and organizations can spend and how they choose to spend it. Sociocultural forces affect people’s attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, preferences, customs and lifestyles. Technological forces are those arising from the search for a better way to do things.Technology changes the expectations and behaviors of customers and clients as well as how organisations work with their partners and within society. Laws and regulations are closely tied to politics and establish the rules under which organizations must conduct their activities. The most significant laws and regulations for marketers are related to privacy, fair trading, consumer safety, prices, contract terms and intellectual pro perty. Marketing metrics are used to measure current performance and the outcomes of past activities. A SWOT analysis is used to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.The example: Wenzhou Shoes 2004? 9? 17? ,â€Å" † —— ,? 400 , , 800 September 17, 2004, â€Å"European shoes† – the eastern town of Elche, Spain, China Shoes City, about 400 Spaniards gathered unidentified street, destroyed a bus carrying Wenzhou shoe container truck and a Wenzhou shoe warehouse, causing about 800 million yuan of economic losses. This is the first ever Spanish Chinese business interests of serious violations of the violence. , ,? 2001 , ,In fact, data show that since 2001, Wenzhou shoes incident overseas every year by resistance occurred, and there is an upward trend: 2001? 8 2002? 1? , , August 2001 to January 2002, Russia had seized the incident occurred once, Wenzhou shoes involved. , 3 , The longest that the goods seized, the whole Zhejiang loss of about 3 billion yuan loss of individual enterprises million yuan or more. 2003 ,20 , The winter of 2003, more than 20 products of Wenzhou footwear shoe was burned in Rome, Italy, the specific loss is unknown. 004? 1? 8? , â€Å" †, January 8, 2004, the Nigerian Government issued â€Å"list of banned imports,† Wenzhou shoes one of them. 2004? 2? 12? , â€Å" † , 3000 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦February 12, 2004, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs sent a large number of police raids in Moscow, â€Å"Aimila† big market goods, Chinese businessmen, including China, Wenzhou shoe manufacturers, including business loss of about $ 30,000,000 this †¦ †¦ , 2001 40%, 30%, 4. 6Relevant data and background information, Wenzhou shoe production for export as early as in 2001, jumped 40%, close to 30% of total output, only from Wenzhou Customs exit of shoes to the value of $ 460,000,000. 10 ,? â€Å" †? â€Å" †? , â€Å" † , Wenzhou top 10 in several shoe factories to produce shoes for export oriented, such as the â€Å"East Art†, â€Å"Tema†, etc. , including â€Å"Tema†, including several of Wenzhou shoe factory, and also Wal-Mart signed production agreement for the global retail industry hegemony of mass production for supermarkets sell cheap shoes. , , , 10 ~30 , 10 From the product level , at present, most of China's export of footwear is still the middle and low variety, low prices, generally 10 dollars to 30 dollars, many even less than 10 dollars. 9 â€Å" † 5 ? Took place in September this year, Spain's â€Å"burning shoes† incident was burned average unit price of the shoes only 5 euros. , ( OEM ) Exports of high-end shoes and own-brand share are very small, and exports more products to OEM manner. ? , , â€Å" † , , , For example, most of the production of footwear sales in the U. S. low-end shoe store, while in the United States, the high-end shoe store also can procure the â€Å"Chinese shoes† of the shadow, but the price was lower than Italy, Spain, Brazil and other countries products, and all Chinese-made shoes are not their own brands, trademarks and brands are using overseas. ,Some of the same grade shoe prices in foreign markets and products to be lower than the country of origin, and some even lower than Vietnam, and Thailand's exports. , ; , , ; , 10 2200? , View from the export enterprises, private enterprises accounted for most; see from the export area, mainly in Wenzhou, Zhejiang, Fujian Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Guangdong, Shandong, Sichuan and other regions, and has established a number of shoe manufacturing base; from the export scale , the current export value of 10 million U.S. dollars more than 2,200 enterprises, accounting for nearly half of the total number of export enterprises. â€Å" † , â€Å" † , â€Å" †? â€Å" , , † â€Å"The Spanish case, we need to think about the brand. We do not have world-renowned brand, which is the international competition of Chinese shoes in the greatest difficulty. † Executive vice president of Cornell, said Zhou Jinmiao interview.Members of Light Industry Import and Export Corporation Wenzhou Foreign Trade Wai seems to know China better than anyone in the international market brand shoes difficult. â€Å" BATA , , 100 , † â€Å"Well-known supermarket chains in Europe BATA , there are a lot of shoes from around the world, but I never found more than 100 euros over Chinese shoes. Chinese shoe brands in the world, not only to low-end shoes to compete. Spain burning low-end shoes is the result of competition. 2. Describe in detail the five marketing management orientation. Discuss the marketer’s argument for why an organization should embrace the market orientation. Marketing Management Orientation The Marketing Orientation and the Marketing Concept. An organization with a market orientation focuses its eff orts on 1)continuously collecting information about customers' needs and competitors' capabilities, 2) sharing this information across departments, and 3) using the information to create customer value.The market orientation simply defines an organization that understands the importance of customer needs, makes an effort to provide products of high value to its customers, and markets its products and services in a coordinated holistic program across all departments. In what we call the â€Å"Marketing Concept,† the company embraces a philosophy that the â€Å"Customer is King. † The Marketing Concept is an attitude. It's a philosophy that is driven down throughout the organization from the very top of the management structure. The Marketing Concept communicates that â€Å"the customer is king. Everything that the company does focuses on the customer. Via the Marketing Concept, a company makes every effort to best understand the wants and needs of its target market and to create want-satisfying goods that best fulfill the needs of that target market and to do this better than the competition. It wasn't always that way. There were other orientations that companies embraced over the years. The Production Concept has been around for years. That concept simply suggests that customers prefer inexpensive products that are readily available. In effect, â€Å"if we make it, they will come. The Product Concept suggests that companies that build the â€Å"better mousetrap† will gain favor. The thinking here is that customers want products that have higher quality, that offer better performance or do something unique. The Selling Concept proceeded the Marketing Concept. From the 1920's until the 1950's, most firms had a sales orientation. Competition had grown, and there was a need to pursue the scarce customer. Sales could mean everything from sales people to advertising to public relations, but little effort was made to coordinate any overall mark eting function.What we often saw in the Selling Concept was the â€Å"hard sell† and the belief that consumers wouldn't purchase unless they were sold. The Holistic Marketing Concept that is embraced in the 21st century results in companies looking at their overall marketing efforts. This includes how their marketing affects society, as a whole. Marketing is also done internally within the company. Without customers, a company will quickly flounder — thus the importance of the relationship. Holistic marketing looks at the connectivity of the company, its people, its customers, and the society in which it operates.The Societal Marketing Concept focuses on. Market positioning in the 70s of last century by the American Marketing experts Iris and Jack Trout's, its meaning is an enterprise based on existing products on the market competitors, the location of the products for a customer These characteristics or attributes of the emphasis, create unique products for the enter prise, giving the impression of a distinctive image, and to pass such a vivid image to the customer, so that the products in the market to determine the appropriate location. Market positioning of a product itself is not what you do, but you do the eyes of potential consumers.The essence of market orientation to the enterprise and other enterprises strictly separated, so that customers clearly feel and recognize the difference, which the customer occupies a special place in mind. Another argument is the product positioning, target market positioning, competitive positioning. Market positioning is the key enterprises should try to find their products more competitive than the competition's features. Competitive advantage is generally two basic types: one is price competitive, that is, under the same conditions set lower prices than the competition. This requires companies to take all efforts to reduce unit costs.Second, competitive preference, which can provide certain features to me et customer specific preferences. This requires companies to take every effort to work on the product features. Therefore, the whole process of the enterprise market positioning can be accomplished through three steps: 1) Analysis of the status of the target market to confirm the potential of this business a competitive advantage 2) The exact choice of competitive advantage, the initial positioning of the target market Competitive advantage that the ability of companies to outperform its competitors.This capability can be either existing, may also be potential. Select a competitive advantage is actually a business and competitor strength compared to all aspects of the process. Indicators should be a relatively complete system, the only way to accurately select the relative competitive advantage. The usual method is to analyze, compare companies and competitors in business management, technology development, procurement, production, marketing, finance, and what kinds of products is t he strength of seven areas, which are weak.To select the most suitable for the business advantages of the project, initially set to target enterprise market position. 3) Shows a distinct competitive advantage and re-positioning The main task of this step is the enterprise through a series of publicity and promotion activities, the competitive advantage of its unique and accurate communication to potential customers and impress in the minds of customers. To this end, companies should first understand the target customer, know, know, identity, love and preference of the company's market position, established in the minds of customers is consistent with the positioning of the image.Second, companies target customers through a variety of efforts to strengthen the image and maintain understanding of target customers, target customers attitude stability and deepening the feelings of the target customers to consolidate in line with the market's image. Finally, enterprises should pay attent ion to the target customers understand their market position or because of deviations propaganda enterprise market positioning errors caused by target customers fuzzy, chaos and misunderstanding, and promptly correct the inconsistencies in the image and market positioning.Company's products in the market positioning even if it is appropriate, but in the following circumstances, should consider re-positioning: (1) Introduction of new competitors, product positioning in the vicinity of the enterprise products, enterprise products occupied part of the market, so that the decline in market share of enterprise products. 2) Consumer needs or preferences change, so that the enterprise product sales plummeted. To avoid the strong positioning strategy: trying to avoid is the most powerful business or other enterprise directly place a strong competition, while positioning their products in another market area, to make their products with certain characteristics or attributes the strongest or strong opponents are more significant differences.Head-positioning strategy: is an enterprise based on its own strength, to occupy a better market position, at the market on the dominant, most powerful or compete head-strong competitors, leaving their own and rival products into the the same market position. Looking for new but not yet occupied the position of the potential market demand to fill vacancies on the market, production market, not, with some characteristics of products. Such as Japan's Sony Corporation Sony Walkman and a number of new